Effects of Migration
The effects of migration refer to the social, economic, and cultural impacts resulting from the movement of people from one place to another. These effects can include changes in population demographics, labor markets, and cultural diversity. Migration can also lead to both positive and negative consequences for both the sending and receiving communities, influencing factors such as economic development and social cohesion.
8 Key excerpts on "Effects of Migration"
eBook - ePubMigration Theory
Talking across Disciplines
- Caroline B. Brettell, James F. Hollifield, Caroline B. Brettell, James F. Hollifield(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...Human mobility is often a response to and a catalyst for these layers, and thus the social and environmental contexts of areas of departure and reception invite geographical theorization. This chapter will consider some of the foundational theories that shape geographical understandings of migration and human mobility. It argues that, as a discipline, geography has a long-standing thematic interest in human migration, because the movement of people “continually disrupts and remakes geography, as spatial linkages and interconnections both form and dissolve when people move” (Skop 2019: 108). As international migration has intensified since the 1990s, geographic scholarship that empirically demonstrates these flows and theorizes their impact has steadily increased (Price and Benton-Short 2008; King 2012; Czaika and de Haas 2014; Winders 2014; Yeoh and Ramdas 2014; Ehrkamp 2017, 2019, 2020; Collins 2020). Theoretically, geographers have worked across disciplines, and have modified existing theories, as well as inserted innovative theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches. At the core of much of this work is a profound interest in explaining spatial patterns and human networks, as well as a sensitivity to scalar shifts and bordering practices. Human geographers offer theoretical insights about the migrant experience, limits to human mobility, practices of placemaking, development, and integration, as well as the intersectionality of gender, race, and class in understanding migration (Silvey and Lawson 1999; Carling 2002; van Riemsdijk 2014; Yeoh and Lam 2016). Because of geography’s inclination to examine the relationship between society and environment, there is also a growing research interest in the environmental drivers of migration, especially connected to climate change (Hugo 1996; Piguet 2010; Piguet, Kaenzig, and Guélat 2018; Jockish et al. 2019). Within the sub-disciplines of geography, population geographers have an obvious interest in migration...
eBook - ePub- Dina Ionesco, Daria Mokhnacheva, François Gemenne(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...We have no other choice but to try to reduce our impact on the environment, and to adapt to some of the irreversible changes we have caused, or face increasing social and economic costs and damage. Migration will inevitably be part of this picture, either as a social and human cost of inaction or restrictive policies, or as a positive strategy to reduce risks and people's vulnerability, if we make the right political and economic choices. Good migration management can be part of the solution, together with sound environmental and sustainable development policies. Part 2 of the Atlas delves into the complex interaction between environmental phenomena, human society and migration, presents various sudden-onset events and slow-onset processes, natural or human-made, which affect the planet's population, and looks into the mechanisms through which environmental factors affect human mobility. A special focus is placed on climate change, the effects of which are often poorly discerned from other environmental phenomena. Environmental migration is then discussed within the wider context of the traditional drivers of migration. Understanding environmental hazards Our planet is a very complex system of interrelated natural geophysical, meteorological and climatological processes, which are associated with sudden, rapidly occurring natural events, as well as with long-term slowly developing processes of environmental change. The face of the planet keeps changing: the continuous movement of tectonic plates modifies the shape of the continents, builds new mountains and volcanoes, and forms fault lines...
eBook - ePubPopulation Geography
A Systematic Exposition
- Mohammad Izhar Hassan(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Routledge India(Publisher)
...These movements do not involve any permanent or semi-permanent change in the place of residence to qualify as migration. The study of migration occupies an important place in population studies, as together with fertility and mortality, migration determines the size, distribution and growth of population along with its composition and characteristics. As compared with the other two components, migration has been a more popular subject of interest for population geographers. Interestingly, demographers have paid very little attention to this component of population change. Population geographers have since long been concerned with the relationships between movement of people, distance and interacting areas (Woods, 1979:165). Along with its various demographic, social and economic effects, population geographers have also been concerned with the environmental influences upon migration streams and consequences in areas of departure and destination (Clarke, 1972:130). Mobility and migration: general terms and concepts As noted previously, migration refers to permanent or semi-permanent change in the place of residence of an individual or a group of individuals from one location to another. Hence, it is different from the more general term mobility, which refers to all types of movements of people (Rubenstein and Bacon, 1990:75). Thus, the term mobility includes both permanent (and semi-permanent) and temporary movements of people over the earth. With regard to temporary movements, the examples of which have already been cited, a distinction is generally made between a cyclic and a periodic movement. A cyclic movement includes short duration trips to place of work (i.e. commuting), or frequent business trips of people in business, or movement of nomads, which is comparatively irregular in timing. A periodic movement, on the other hand, involves a longer period of residence away from home base than that in the cyclic movement (Blij and Muller, 1986:103)...
eBook - ePubAn Introduction to Population Geographies
Lives Across Space
- Holly R. Barcus, Keith Halfacree(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...Second, and convenient because Population Geographers will probably wish to retain a focus on migration, they must also become more fully aware of just how important various forms of migration may be becoming for shaping humanity’s overall twenty-first-century existence beyond acknowledged importance for the individual. How Population Geographers have sought to understand and investigate migration thus acquires added significance and is now introduced. 5.2.3 Understanding and investigating migration in an era of mobilities Having noted migration’s and mobility’s increased recognition as vital components of everyday life, it is perhaps unsurprising that “there is no shortage of theories to explain why and where people migrate” (Samers 2010: 52). Table 5.3 reproduces a simplified version of Samers’s overview of theoretical perspectives on international migration alone, whilst to demonstrate the multidisciplinary investment shown in migration (Brettell and Hollifield 2008a), Table 5.4 summarizes how different academic disciplines have approached the topic. Such richness and diversity within theory clearly helps to explain migration’s leading status within Population Geography (Boyle 2003, 2004). As suggested by the tables, to get a grip on this abundance, authors utilized different classificatory meta-frameworks. For example, Boyle et al. (1998; also Bakewell 2010; Samers 2010) distinguished “determinist,” “humanist” and “integrated” approaches. Determinist accounts lay principal stress on factors within the potential migrant’s “environment,” understood more or less broadly, encouraging relocation (structure; Box 1.1). Humanist accounts, in contrast, focus on the individual as a more controlling, active migration decision maker (agency; Box 1.1). Integrated accounts attempt to bring these two perspectives together and transcend what can be regarded as an unhelpful divide. The above framework is not adopted exactly in the rest of this chapter...
eBook - ePub- Luke Martell(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Polity(Publisher)
...Issues of physical and economic security are often involved. You would not think this given the focus on the negative consequences for receiving states in discussions of migration. Migrants move to reunite with their family, to study and for tourism and life experience. For these reasons migration is often life-changing in a very positive way. To varying extents some of these are seen by states as legitimate reasons for international migration, while others, such as economic improvement, despite the drastic changes it can allow to people’s lives, are not (DeBono 2008). However, the improvements to large numbers of lives that international migration can allow provide compelling reasons for opening borders and allowing the free movement of people. Looking at the consequences of international migration for countries of origin is not separate from looking at the consequences for the migrants because they are, of course, from the countries of origin and so part of the consequences for the sending country. The consequences of migration for sending or receiving countries vary according to factors such as the source or destination countries, the volume of migration and what type it is. One consequence can be a reduction of unemployment in sending countries as the out of work move and become employed in their new home. This reduces the costs of unemployment financially and in terms of social costs such as conflict. If emigration leads to undersupply of labour in some places, this strengthens the power of labour in the sending country to secure gains such as higher wages. Emigrant workers can gain skills and access to contacts, capital and markets that may benefit both them as individuals and their home country. Migrants send remittances, money transfers, back to their home countries, for instance to spouses and families. These can make substantial contributions to sending countries’ economies, more than overseas aid in some cases...
eBook - ePub- Nicholas Van Hear(Author)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...In respect of an integrated approach, the literature on forced migration is in some ways perhaps more suggestive than that on economic migration. The following synthesizes and refines the approaches of authors who have tried to develop models of forced migratory movements, some for the purposes of early warning (notably Clark 1989), and others as part of more general theoretical investigation (notably Richmond 1994). Their approaches are modified substantially here, and an attempt is made to incorporate in addition approaches to so-called economic or voluntary migration. If the features outlined on pages 14–16 can be seen as components of migration orders, their dynamics might be located in four domains. In the first domain are located what are variously described as root causes, or as structural, background, underlying factors which predispose a population to migrate. These derive mainly from the macro-political economy as defined above, and in particular from the disparities between places of migrant origin and destination. Among the dimensions featuring in this domain are the state of supply and demand for labour and the structure of employment in countries of destination; the state of social order and security in countries of origin; and trends of nation- building, disintegration and reconstitution in regions of migrants’ origin. Economic disparities between territories sending and receiving migrants include differences in earnings, livelihoods and living standards. What might be called political disparities include the relative prevalence of conflict, persecution and other dimensions of human rights and human security. Environmental disparities between sending and receiving territories might be added; these include the relative state of the land, water supply, forest and other resources...
eBook - ePubGoverning Climate Induced Migration and Displacement
IGO Expansion and Global Policy Implications
- Andrea C. Simonelli, Kenneth A. Loparo(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
...For some it is a way of life, such as gypsies, pastoralists, employees of multinationals, or diplomats. For others it is a periodic escape, such as for tourists. In some cultures it is a requisite for adulthood and obtaining the right to marry. It is also a feature of seasonal economics. People move temporarily or permanently to improve their living conditions, to gain experience, to flee from oppression or persecution, or to seek adventure. The difficulty is to disentangle proper conceptual categories. If migrants are potentially everywhere or everyone, categorization is the only way to begin to differentiate between motives. However, data on migration is currently collected through legal and political definitions which have been argued to be too specific. This calls into question many other facets, such as how a “migrant” sees himself/herself. How do values act upon the attitude of the migrant in question (Mangalam and Schwartzweller, 1968)? Or should the criterion be more social in nature; whether a migrant crosses a cultural or societal boundary (Petersen, 1978)? Or whether a migrant crosses a national boundary? The field also considers internal and external migration, but suffers from a lack of consensus as to how to understand cross-national migration; frameworks and research assumptions have mostly been based on national intellectual assumptions and policy models. In an era of globalization, the study of international migration necessitates transnational tools (Castles, 2007). Theoretical studies of migration have focused on economic push-pull factors and larger spatial models versus individual journeys (Anthony, 1990; Clark, 1986; Hyman and Gleave, 1978; Lewis, 1982; Petersen, 1978; Weidlich and Haag, 1988; Young, 2002). Demographic studies are attentive to the characteristics of migrants, their means for social mobility, the direction of migration, and their destination (Mangalam and Schwartzweller, 1968)...
eBook - ePubInfluences of Geographic Environment
On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography
- Ellen Churchill Semple(Author)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Perlego(Publisher)
...animal and plant life as factors. Land per capita under various cultural and geographic conditions. Density of population and government. Territorial expansion of the state. Checks to population. Extra-territorial relations. Geography in the philosophy of history. Theory of progress from the standpoint of geography. Man's increasing dependence upon nature. Increase in kind and amount. Chapter IV—The Movements Of Peoples In Their Geographical Significance Universality of these movements. Stratification of races The name Historical Movement. Evolution of the Historical Movement. Nature of primitive movements. Number and range. Importance of such movements in history. Geographical interpretation of historical movement. Mobility of primitive peoples. Natural barriers to movement. Effect of geographical horizon. Civilization and mobility. Diffusion of culture. Ethnic intermixture. Complex currents of migration. Cultural modification during migration. Effect of early maritime migration. The transit land. War as a form of the historical movement. Primitive war. Slavery as form of historical movement. Fusion by deported and military colonies. Withdrawal and flight. Dispersal...
