Hoyt Sector Model
The Hoyt Sector Model is a theory used in urban geography to explain the spatial arrangement of cities. It suggests that cities develop in a series of sectors radiating out from the central business district, with different sectors being characterized by different land uses and socioeconomic activities. This model helps to understand the patterns of urban growth and development within cities.
4 Key excerpts on "Hoyt Sector Model"
eBook - ePub- Mark Gottdiener, Leslie Budd, Panu Lehtovuori(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
...Many people to this day still think of the city in Burgess’ terms, with a large central district that dominates the surrounding area constituted as rings. This is quite remarkable when we acknowledge that shortly after Burgess published his theory it was questioned by more accurate conceptions of how urban regions grew that were based on better research. As indicated in several entries of this book, city-dominated thinking is deeply entrenched in urban studies, even if it is a fallacy (see the entry on Multi-Centered Metropolitan Regions). HOMER HOYT – THE SECTOR MODEL Published in 1933, Hoyt’s model was also based on Chicago but it contradicted Burgess’ work (Hoyt, 1939). His sector conception of space was derived from a study of changes in the land prices within the city of Chicago extending back 100 years. Hoyt argued that cities were carved up, not by concentric zones, but by unevenly shaped sectors within which different economic activities tended to congregate. These were produced by competition for locations within a capitalist market in real estate that translated the functional needs of business into land prices. The proximity of radial railway lines is one explaining factor of this pattern. Hoyt further argued that manufacturing and retailing, in particular, had the tendency to spin off and away from the center and agglomerate in sectors that expanded outward, while leaving other economic activities behind in a more functionally specialized central business district. This conception is quite accurate today, although Hoyt’s general approach is limited because it remained city-based. CHAUNCY HARRIS AND EDWARD ULLMAN – THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL Harris and Ullman, like Hoyt, were essentially correct in conceiving of the development of urban space as consisting of irregular sectors and centers rather than concentric zones under pressure of real estate competition among users with different needs...
eBook - ePubCity and Transportation Planning
An Integrated Approach
- Akinori Morimoto(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...For land use distribution, he proposed a central business district in the center of the city with transition areas with mixed uses around it. With a residential area for the working class, a residential area for the middle class, and a residential area for commuters further toward the suburbs. This is consistent with the bid rent theory, which states that the rent decreases further away from the center of the city toward the suburbs. This model is unique in that the land use distribution depends only on the distance from the city center. Later, land economist Homer Hoyt (1895–1984) proposed a sector model in 1939 with modifications to the concentric model. This model expressed that the city grows not only in the distance from the center of the city but also in a fan shape along the main transportation routes such as railways and roads. This characteristic can be seen in cities that have developed due to traffic restrictions, and in many cases apply to British cities. It can be understood as a model mainly for railways. Figure 2.3 Concentric zone model (Burgess model). Figure 2.4 Sector model (Hoyt model). As cities further develop, land use distribution will take on a more complex form. Urban geographers Chauncy Harris (1914–2003) and Edward Ullman (1912–1976) introduced the multiple nuclei model in 1945. This was a model that showed the center of a city as not consisting of one core, but that of multiple cores such as commerce and business...
eBook - ePubComplex Spatial Systems
The Modelling Foundations of Urban and Regional Analysis
- Alan Geoffrey Wilson(Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...It is likely, therefore, that if there are concentric ring and sectoral features in urban development, these can be based on multiple nuclei to produce a more complicated overall pattern. Harris and Ullman illustrated their ideas with a much-quoted diagram which is reproduced as Figure A2.39. In that illustration, they emphasise the development of centres of specialisation and the influence of these on urban structure. Figure A2.39 Multiple nuclei theory (after Harris and Ullman, 1945) Concluding Comments These three theories have been treated relatively briefly because their influence is likely to be of mainly historical interest, though they are still much taught in textbooks in a relatively uncritical way. We can learn a number of things from them. First, both Burgess and Hoyt at least showed a concern with process and dynamics which was absent from other theories of their period, and also noted the influence of sociological variables as well as economic ones. It is also clear that aspects of all three theories contain elements of truth. The main difficulty in this kind of approach is the treatment of space. Essentially, the area of the city is being taken as continuous and land-use zones are being identified as rings or sectors, modified by a centre structure. This approach is difficult to carry through dynamically when these areas are shifting in size and location. More importantly, it has been argued that many of the zones, in the way they are defined by the different authors, are difficult to discover empirically, at least in any sharp way. This suggests that the level of resolution is too coarse, and that the form of spatial representation used is inadequate. What we need to look for is better representations and better theories; but in these new theories, the main ideas of Burgess, Hoyt and Harris and Ullman can be broadly reproduced. It would be surprising if this were not the case...
eBook - ePubThe Economics of Property and Planning
Future Value
- Graham Squires(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...In terms of the layout of place, the model demonstrates that in addition to the CBD, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other and thus influence their immediate neighbourhood. The result is a patchwork of nuclei that further generate various types of land use around the nuclei (Figure 23). The theory has an emphasis transport in terms of growth and that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership in particular. This increase of movement allows for the specialisation of regional centres that for instance focus on heavy industry or business parks. It can be argued that the multiple nuclei model is more realistic than the concentric-zone and radial-sector models, although many of the characteristics of the latter two models are included in the multiple-nuclei hypothesis. Figure 22 The Radial Sector Model of Land Use Source: Author, Adapted from Hoyt (1939) Figure 23 Multiple Nuclei Model Source: Author, Adapted from Harris and Ullman (1945) Critique of this type of modelling is in its generalisation in that it cannot be directly applied to any one place. In addition, cities with natural barriers such as the being on the coast will therefore not have a complete ring growth pattern. Further difficulty of the model is that heavy industry is not sophisticatedly considered in the model. For all the three models, planning constraints such as zoning are not clearly accounted for. The models do hold though as a good way to start thinking of how large cities in particular have developed and thus build on when developing more intricate iterations when modelling urban patterns. Green belts, urban sprawl, and growth control Final key conceptual patterns and dynamics when introducing the development of the place is the notion of urban sprawl that radiates away from a CBD core...
