Psychology
Biopsychosocial Model Psychology
The biopsychosocial model in psychology considers the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human health and behavior. It emphasizes that physical health, mental health, and social well-being are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. This holistic approach recognizes the complex and interconnected nature of human experiences and health outcomes.
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6 Key excerpts on "Biopsychosocial Model Psychology"
- Amy E. Wenzel(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
Brenna N. Renn Brenna N. Renn Renn, Brenna N.Leilani Feliciano Leilani Feliciano Feliciano, LeilaniBiopsychosocial Theoretical Framework Biopsychosocial theoretical framework496 500Biopsychosocial Theoretical Framework
The biopsychosocial model is a theoretical framework used in the assessment, conceptualization, and treatment of both psychological and physical health. As the name suggests, this framework integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in an integrative approach to understand the complexities and development of human behavior. Biological factors (“bio”) refer to physiological influences on psychological and physical health, such as genetic predisposition, organ and nervous system function, immune system activity, metabolic and endocrine functioning, and the role of neurotransmitters. Psychological factors (“psycho”) refer to behavioral and mental processes that influence health and symptomatology. A variety of psychological phenomena coalesce to exacerbate disorders or promote health; different perspectives may emphasize the role of emotions, cognitive processes, internal representations of self and others, or behavioral principles in psychopathology and health behaviors. Finally, as social beings, our psychological and physical functioning occurs in the context of our interpersonal relationships, social values, cultural norms, and community institutions (“social”). A central tenet of this approach is that humans are axiomatically biopsychosocial beings; therefore, psychological practice and research must seek to understand functioning across all three dimensions. To best understand this theoretical framework, this entry begins with a brief history of the biopsychosocial model. Afterward, it discusses the approach with regard to clinical assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment applications in psychology.
- Edward S. Neukrug(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
Hannah B. Bayne Hannah B. Bayne Bayne, Hannah B.Biopsychosocial Model Biopsychosocial model119 124Biopsychosocial Model
The biopsychosocial model takes a general systems approach to understanding disease, coping, and treatment. The model, introduced by the psychiatrist George Engel in the late 1970s, expanded the dominant paradigm of the medical field beyond an exclusive focus on biological components to include the effects of psychological and social influences on a patient’s experience. The model thus broadens the scope for health providers to acknowledge the interplay of dynamics that may affect the expression of disease, coping methods, adherence to treatment, and recovery. These factors can include social support systems, cultural factors, patient cognitions, lifestyle, social class, and many other diverse influences. Although the biopsychosocial model was developed in a medical context, its holistic approach to patients has also provided a useful model for counseling professionals, emphasizing the need for treatment that is responsive to mind and body considerations. The model additionally provides a context for cross-disciplinary collaboration among health care professionals to enhance treatment along multiple dimensions.Historical Context
Disease and illness have, historically, been viewed through multiple lenses, including possession by spirits, punishment for wrongful acts, the imbalance of elements within the body’s system, and a variety of other interpretations. In response to the rise of scientific empiricism, which emphasized the scientific method, Western medicine also began to transition to a model that favored the observable, scientific study of medical conditions. Also known as the biomedical model, this approach emphasized diagnosis and identification of standard treatments. Physicians were trained in quickly and accurately identifying the medical problem, and treatments were selected according to what had been proven effective based on established research. Disease thus became viewed through the categorization of symptoms, and medical interviews focused on matching symptoms and objective tests of body systems to diagnose and treat the patient. This biomedical model was, and continues to be, the driving model of Western medicine. However, though the focus on disease provides a useful means to categorize patients and streamline treatment based on the common physiology of a diagnosis, it is not as sensitive to other processes that may exert influence on each patient’s unique experience.
eBook - ePubApplied Social Psychology
Understanding and Addressing Social and Practical Problems
- Jamie A. Gruman, Frank W. Schneider, Larry M. Coutts(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
biomedical model of health and illness (Brannon et al., 2014; Taylor & Sirois, 2012). The biomedical model is the theoretical framework that guided medical advances leading to the ability to conquer a number of life-threatening diseases. The biomedical model is based on the idea that illness can be completely explained by examining problems in an organism’s biological functioning. This approach leads us to focus on lower-level biological processes (e.g., cell functioning, biochemical imbalances) rather than to examine health in a broader context that also includes psychological functioning and social influences (Brannon et al., 2014; Taylor & Sirois, 2012). The biomedical model also tends to focus on disease more than on health, and it conceptualizes health quite simply as the absence of disease. The biomedical model was important in leading to the discovery of a number of specific disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses, and these discoveries in turn led to advances in medical technology to cure a number of life-threatening infectious diseases. Despite the importance of the biomedical model, it is limited in that it failed to account completely for the fact that not everyone who is exposed to the same virus will acquire a particular disease; furthermore, even when people do get sick, there are large differences among individuals in terms of the severity of symptoms they experience and how they respond to treatment. It seemed clear that a broader model was needed to conceptualize health and illness, and this led to the emergence of the biopsychosocial model, which is the primary model of health and illness underlying health psychology.The Biopsychosocial Model
In contrast to the biomedical model, the biopsychosocial model
eBook - ePubFoundations of Professional Psychology
The End of Theoretical Orientations and the Emergence of the Biopsychosocial Approach
- Timothy P. Melchert(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
There appears to be unanimity across the sciences and within psychology that human development and functioning, for either individuals or populations, cannot be understood without a comprehensive perspective on the interactions between biological, psychological, and sociocultural processes (e.g., Capra, 1996 ; Dawkins, 1976 ; Engel, 1977 ; Eysenck, 1997 ; Wilson, 1998). Attempting to understand important psychological phenomena such as intelligence, personality, or psychopathology through frameworks that omit any of these perspectives will result in seriously incomplete explanations. Even human evolution itself cannot be understood without this type of comprehensive, integrative perspective. For example, in their groundbreaking work, Lumsden and Wilson (1981, p. 1) described “gene-culture coevolution” as “a complicated, fascinating interaction in which culture is generated and shaped by biological imperatives while biological traits are simultaneously altered by genetic evolution in response to cultural innovation.” A metatheoretical perspective is needed to integrate the complexity of these many factors, and the biopsychosocial approach is the obvious candidate for capturing this perspective. There are other concepts or terms that could be used to communicate this type of systemic perspective (e.g., ecological, ecosystemic), but the biopsychosocial term is well known across the health care and social science fields in the United States as well as internationally. Both the biopsychosocial approach and general systems theory on which it is based convey the importance of a holistic systemic approach to understanding human psychology and the importance of information, feedback, and communication in the functioning of open living systems (of which the human being is the prime example). Together with the focus on change emphasized by nonlinear dynamical systems approaches, these perspectives capture quintessential characteristics of human development and functioning
- Annamaria Di Fabio, Donald H. Saklofske, Con Stough(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Health and Personality Gillian C. Tohver and Anita Feher University of Western Ontario Personality links to physical and mental health begin early in life and act as major contributors to long‐term adjustment, coping, and wellness. Specifically, personality characteristics influence predisposition to adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, and tendency toward clinical diagnoses. Research indicates that most personality traits simultaneously possess positive and negative influences on health. However, as personality’s influence (i.e. its strength and nature) on diagnoses, well‐being, and coping varies depending on the particular coping‐inducing stressor(s) or traumas, the situation, or context, surrounding illness must be concurrently considered in explaining health outcomes. Biopsychosocial Model One model used to explain the influence of psychological factors on health is the biopsychosocial model. Originally proposed by Engel (1977), this model postulates that both psychological and social elements must be considered alongside biological factors when it comes to understanding health and illness in humans. This is a deviation from the biomedical model, which only considers biological factors. Using the biopsychosocial model, factors such as personality are considered one of the many influences that work together to impact health. Type A, B, C, and D Personality Type A and Type B personalities are individual difference profiles relating mainly to behavioral patterns. Type A individuals typically demonstrate increased aggression and hostility, a competitive drive, and time‐related urgency (see Rosenman & Friedman, 1977). Type B personality is the lack of many of the characteristics related to Type A individuals, and is not associated with disease proneness. Belonging to the Type A group has been generally associated with coronary heart disease‐related complications
eBook - ePub- Ginger Garner(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Handspring Publishing(Publisher)
Chapter 2The biopsychosocial model for yoga in healthcareThis chapter provides the basis for culturally sensitive partnership of the yogic (panca maya) biopsychosocial model (BPS) with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001). Maximizing their interrelationship can help manage obstructions to health, wellness, and precursors of “dis-ease,” which will be discussed in a case study format for practical application. Evidence for blending rehabilitation and yoga continues in this chapter, and methods for operationalizing a yogic BPS model are also reviewed.Outline• Challenges facing 21st-century healthcare• The biopsychosocial model• Using the yogic biopsychosocial model• Biopsychosocial assessment• Influencing change behavior• Crossing the threshold into effective chronic disease management and health promotion: what medicine needs to thrive• Defining disability and health functioning models• Determining competence and considering sensory integration• Case study: ICF and obstructions model synergy• Conditional observations for overcoming obstructions• Review: cultural competenceChallenges facing 21st-century healthcareIn 1948 the World Health Organization confirmed its definition of health as being “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease” (WHO, 1948). Yet healthcare systems in many countries still struggle to embrace its full meaning amidst rising healthcare costs that are inversely proportional to health outcomes. The 20th century required a shift in medicine, away from acute disease toward chronic and lifestyle disease management (Wahdan, 1996; Dean et al., 2011), underscoring a real need for a shift in thinking in healthcare (Elliott et al., 2002; Pomeroy, 2012; Van Hecke et al., 2013). The WHO estimates that out of 58 million deaths in 2005, 35 million could be directly attributed to chronic disease (WHO, 2005).
