Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. When a chemical reaction occurs, this energy is released or absorbed. It is a fundamental concept in understanding how energy is stored and transferred in various technological and engineering processes, such as in batteries, fuel combustion, and chemical reactions used in industrial processes.
7 Key excerpts on "Chemical Energy"
eBook - ePubPetrochemistry
Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering
- Martin Bajus(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
...1 Chemical Technology CHAPTER MENU 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Chemical Engineering 1.2.1 Conservation of Mass 1.2.2 Conservation of Energy 1.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 1.2.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 1.2.5 Chemical Kinetics 1.2.5.1 Reaction Rate: Activation Energy 1.2.6 Reactors 1.2.6.1 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yields 1.2.6.2 Continuous Tubular Reactor 1.2.6.3 The Reaction Order 1.2.6.4 Rate Constant 1.2.7 Industrial Catalysts 1.2.7.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Hydrocarbon Technology 1.2.7.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 1.2.7.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts 1.2.7.4 Classifying Catalysts 1.2.8 Conversion of Hydrocarbons: Active Intermediate Forms 1.2.8.1 Carbocations 1.2.8.2 Radicals 1.2.8.3 Initiated Decomposition 1.3 Potential Steps Toward Greener Chemical Technology 1.3.1 Maturity 1.3.2 Participation in International Trade 1.3.3 Competition from Developing Countries 1.3.4 Capital Intensity and Economies of Scale 1.3.5 Criticality and Pervasiveness 1.3.6 Freedom of Market Entry 1.3.7 Stringent Requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) 1.3.8 High R&D for Ecologically Oriented. Projects 1.3.9 Dislocations and Environmental Impacts 1.3.10 Feedstock Recycling 1.4 The Top Chemical Companies 1.5 The Top Chemicals Further Reading 1.1 Introduction Chemical technology is the practical application of science to commerce or industry and is a multicomponent discipline that, in this context, deals with the application of chemical knowledge to the solution of practical problems. Technology is also a human action that involves the generation of knowledge and (usually innovative) processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities. Historically, the word technology is a modern term and rose to prominence during the Industrial Revolution, when it became associated with science and engineering...
eBook - ePubEnergy Management
Conservation and Audits
- Anil Kumar, Om Prakash, Prashant Singh Chauhan, Samsher Gautam(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
...1 Fundamentals of Energy and Energy Scenario 1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY Capacity to do work is said to be energy, whereas work is defined as the transfer of energy from one system to another system. It can be practically used to change the systems around us, for example, moving body muscles, using electricity, using mechanical devices. It is of different types, namely, heat (thermal), mechanical, light (radiant), chemical, electrical, and nuclear energy. 1.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF ENERGY Energy is of two types, namely, stored energy or potential energy and kinetic energy. For example, Chemical Energy contained in food is stored in our body until it is released for work. 1.2.1 P OTENTIAL E NERGY It is the energy stored in a substance. The energy has the potential to do work. Gravity gives potential energy to a subject. This potential energy is a result of gravity pulling downwards. It occurs in various forms. 1.2.1.1 Chemical Energy It is the energy, which is stored in chemical bonds of any chemical compounds. It is released during a chemical reaction in the form of heat and as a byproduct. The process is called exothermic reaction. Examples of stored Chemical Energy are batteries, petroleum, biomass, natural gas, and coal. Once the Chemical Energy is released from a substance, it is then transformed into an entirely new material. Like, during an explosion, Chemical Energy, which has been stored in it, transferred to the surroundings in the form of thermal energy, sound energy, and kinetic energy. 1.2.1.2 Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy found in the nucleus of an atom. Atoms are those tiny units that make up matter in the universe. Nucleus is held together by energy. Electricity can be produced by using this energy. It can be obtained in two ways—nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, the energy is released when the atoms are combined to form a larger atom...
eBook - ePubThe Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
Scaling Ecological Energetics from Organism to the Biosphere
- David E. Reichle(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
...Chapter 2 The physical and chemical bases of energy abstract Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy can exist in various forms, but those of greatest importance to living organisms are mechanical, chemical, radiant, and heat energy. All forms of energy are interconvertible; when conversions do occur, they do so according to rigorous laws of exchange. These are the Laws of Thermodynamics. Enthalpy is the total potential energy of a system. Entropy is a measure of the disorder, or randomness, of a system. Keywords Carbon; Carbon forms; Chemical Energy; Energy forms; Enthalpy; Entropy; Gaia hypothesis; Heat energy; Power; Solar radiant energy; Temperature; Thermodynamic laws; Work 2.1 Energy, work, and power Calories and Joules 2.2 The different forms of energy Chemical Energy Radiant energy Heat energy 2.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Work Enthalpy The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy 2.4 Gaia hypothesis 2.5 Carbon and energy The forms of carbon Measures of carbon Carbon chemistry 2.6 Recommended reading There is no better way to begin the study of ecological energetics than by starting with an understanding of the pertinent definitions and terminology of physics and physical chemistry. Learn this terminology early, become comfortable with the units of measure, know the basic concepts, and bioenergetics will come a lot easier. 2.1. Energy, work, and power Energy is the capacity to do work. The unit of measure for energy is the erg, which is the work performed when a force of one dyne acts through a distance of one centimeter. The unit of force, the dyne, yields to a mass of one gram the acceleration of one centimeter per second (cm s − 1). Since an erg of energy is such a small quantity, a larger unit, the joule, which is equal to 10 7 ergs, becomes a more convenient unit of measure. A unit of heat used frequently in physical chemistry is the calorie (= 4.184 J)...
- Klaus Brun, Timothy C. Allison, Richard Dennis(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
...Many energy storage technologies are being developed that can store energy when excess renewable power is available and discharge the stored energy to meet power demand when renewable generation drops off, assisting or even displacing conventional fossil- or nuclear-fueled power plants. The development and commercialization of these technologies is a critical step for enabling a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Many mature and emerging energy storage technologies utilize combinations of thermal, mechanical, and Chemical Energy to meet storage demands over a variety of conditions. These systems offer the potential for better scalability than electrochemical batteries. Energy storage demands are complex and the resulting solutions may vary significantly with required storage duration, charge/discharge duty cycle, geography, daily/annual ambient conditions, and integration with other power or heat producers and consumers. This introductory chapter provides details regarding the needs that motivate development efforts for new thermal, mechanical, and Chemical Energy storage technologies; discusses fundamental thermodynamic principles that govern energy storage; and describes the opportunities and challenges for successful development and commercialization of these technologies. 1.1: Motivation for energy storage Energy storage systems help to bridge the gap between power generation and demand and are useful for systems with high variability or generation-demand mismatch. The increasing introduction of renewable power sources into the generation mix results in power availability that is highly variable and poorly matched with demand profiles, thus increasing the high turndown and ramping requirements for baseload power plants that are poorly equipped for this service. 1.1.1: Worldwide power generation mix and trends In 2018 the world consumed approximately 26,641 TWh of electric power [1], produced by a combination of sources illustrated in Fig. 1...
eBook - ePubThermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability
Systems Design, Assessment and Applications
- S. Kalaiselvam, R. Parameshwaran(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
...Chapter 6 ThermoChemical Energy Storage Abstract In the scenario of increased primary energy consumption for satisfying the cooling/heating demand in dwellings, thermoChemical Energy storage appears to be a promising option to supplement the energy requirements of conventional cooling/heating systems. ThermoChemical Energy storage, unlike other forms of energy storage, works on the principle of reversible chemical reactions leading to the storage and release of heat energy. Chemically reactive materials or working pairs undergo endothermic and exothermic reactions for producing high heat storage capacity at the stated temperature and pressure conditions. The integration of long-term seasonal thermal storage methods with a thermoChemical Energy storage system can be equally viable for achieving enhanced heat storage performance and energy efficiency in buildings. Keywords Absorption Adsorption Chemical heat pump Condenser Heat exchanger Reactant Reversible reactions Solar collector ThermoChemical Energy 6.1 Introduction Thermal energy can be effectively stored and retrieved by means of sensible heat and latent heat principles. The other way of storing and releasing thermal energy can be performed through chemical reaction principles. The reversible chemical reactions occurring between working reactants or reactive components help to store and release the required heat energy. By supplying heat energy to definitive chemical material pairs, the intermolecular bonding between them can be broken, and they can be separated into individual reactive components. This would eventually allow the material to store heat energy. On the other hand, by recombining the same individual reactive components, the stored heat energy can be effectively recovered and used to meet the heating/cooling load demand. Most thermoChemical Energy storage systems are developed for space heating applications in buildings rather than cooling applications...
eBook - ePubFoundations for Teaching Chemistry
Chemical Knowledge for Teaching
- Keith S. Taber(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
...10 Energy in chemistry and chemical bonding This chapter discusses one of the key topics in the chemistry curriculum, chemical bonding. This is a highly abstract concept area where a range of models and simplifications are taught. It is also an area where students commonly develop tenacious alternative conceptions (Taber, 2013a), and thus where the teaching approach can be very important in channelling student thinking towards scientific models. One particular feature of many students’ thinking is that they learn about chemistry topics such as bonding with no cognisance of the basic physical principles they have been taught elsewhere in science. Yet if students are to develop scientific understandings of chemistry, they need to appreciate where key concepts from physics, such as force and energy, are applied. This chapter reflects this imperative by first considering the role of the energy concept in understanding school chemistry before specifically addressing chemical bonding concepts. Appreciating the physicists’ concept of energy and how this applies in chemistry Energy is one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous concepts in science. It is also one of the most abstract. It is closely associated with another abstract concept – force. The primary responsibility for teaching these ideas falls upon the physics teacher. There are, however, consequences here for the teacher of chemistry: To avoid the potential of confusing students, the science department as a whole should have a common way of talking about energy and force so the ideas are used consistently across different topics and science subjects. As energy is an important concept in chemistry, the teacher of chemistry has to rely on what has been taught and how it has been taught in another subject. The teacher of chemistry not only relies on what has been taught in physics but on whether students can transfer their learning in physics to other subjects. The latter consideration is not insignificant...
eBook - ePub- Ahmad Arabkoohsar(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
...Chemical Energy storage systems are the most straightforward with the best energy conversion efficiency. The produced hydrogen can be simply used as a clean fuel itself. Alternatively, the produced hydrogen can be mixed with carbon dioxide, resulting in methane as another carbon-neutral synthetic gas. This process, which is called methanation, is indeed a power-to-gas process, but with more conversion losses than the first method. If the methane is converted to liquefied petroleum gas via synthesizing at very high pressures and low temperatures, it is a power-to-liquid process. If the hydrogen is mixed with biogas generated in a biogas production plant in order to upgrade the quality of the biogas (e.g., from a wood gas generator), this process is called power-to-biogas [11]. 1.3: Electrical There are two main methods for electrical energy storage approaches: capacitors and superconducting magnetics. 1.3.1: Capacitors While both batteries and capacitors are used for electrical energy storage, they are fundamentally different. A capacitor stores energy in an electric field, while a battery stores electricity in chemical form. In fact, a capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical system with at least two plates as electrical conductors that are separated by an insulator as the dielectric, storing electricity in the electrostatic field between the two plates. Conventional capacitors have a dielectric between plates instead of an electrolyte and a thin insulator as in supercapacitors. There is a wide range of capacitor types that are broadly used, from very small scales in the electrical circuits of many electrical/electronic devices to large scales for power factor correction applications...
