The Business of Enlightenment
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The Business of Enlightenment

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The Business of Enlightenment

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About This Book

"A major achievement of American scholarship and in the first rank of those which have been transforming our view of French history during the last twenty years." — New York Review of Books A great book about an even greater book is a rare event in publishing. Robert Darnton's history of the EncyclopĂ©die is such an occasion. The author explores some fascinating territory in the French genre of histoire du livre, and at the same time he tracks the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. He is concerned with the form of the thought of the great philosophes as it materialized into books and with the way books were made and distributed in the business of publishing. This is cultural history on a broad scale, a history of the process of civilization.In tracing the publishing story of Diderot's EncyclopĂ©die, Darnton uses new sources—the papers of eighteenth-century publishers—that allow him to respond firmly to a set of problems long vexing historians. He shows how the material basis of literature and the technology of its production affected the substance and diffusion of ideas. He fully explores the workings of the literary market place, including the roles of publishers, book dealers, traveling salesmen, and other intermediaries in cultural communication. How publishing functioned as a business, and how it fit into the political as well as the economic systems of prerevolutionary Europe are set forth. The making of books touched on this vast range of activities because books were products of artisanal labor, objects of economic exchange, vehicles of ideas, and elements in political and religious conflict.The ways ideas traveled in early modern Europe, the level of penetration of Enlightenment ideas in the society of the Old Regime, and the connections between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution are brilliantly treated by Darnton. In doing so he unearths a double paradox. It was the upper orders in society rather than the industrial bourgeoisie or the lower classes that first shook off archaic beliefs and took up Enlightenment ideas. And the state, which initially had suppressed those ideas, ultimately came to favor them. Yet at this high point in the diffusion and legitimation of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution erupted, destroying the social and political order in which the Enlightenment had flourished.Never again will the contours of the Enlightenment be drawn without reference to this work. Darnton has written an indispensable book for historians of modern Europe.

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Information

Publisher
Belknap Press
Year
1987
ISBN
9780674253599
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APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
INDEX
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A

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CONTRACTS OF THE ENCYCLOPÉDIE PUBLISHERS, 1776–1780

These documents come from two dossiers, “EncyclopĂ©die” (ms. 1233) and “ProcĂšs STN contre Duplain” (ms. 1220), in the STN papers. They have been arranged in chronological order, and in the few cases where no title appears on the manuscript a title has been added in English.
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I. Traité de Société entre M. C. J. Panckoucke, libraire à Paris, & la Société Typographique de Neuchùtel en Suisse du 3 juillet 1776

L’an mille sept cent soixante et seize, le troisiĂšme jour du mois de juillet, les soussignĂ©s Messieurs FrĂ©dĂ©ric Ostervald, ancien banneret de la ville de NeuchĂątel, Bosset DeLuze, membre du Grand Conseil de ladite ville, et Jean Elie Bertrand, professeur en belles lettres, d’une part, et Monsieur Charles Joseph Panckoucke, libraire Ă  Paris, actuellement Ă  NeuchĂątel, d’autre part, propriĂ©taire des droits et cuivres du Dictionnaire encyclopĂ©dique, y compris les discours servant d’explication, par l’acquisition qu’il en a faite conjointement avec les sieurs Dessaint et Chauchat, des sieurs Le Breton, David et Briasson, par acte du seize dĂ©cembre, mille sept cent soixante-huit, est devenu seul propriĂ©taire desdits droits et cuivres par la cession que lui ont faite lesdits sieurs Dessaint et Chauchat, par acte sous seing privĂ© du premier juillet, mille sept cent soixante-neuf, et vingt-quatriĂšme mai, mille sept cent soixante et dix, laquelle acquisition a Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e par un privilĂšge du Roi de France de douze annĂ©es en date du vingt mai, mille sept cent soixante et seize, sous le titre de Recueil de Planches sur les Sciences, Arts et MĂ©tiers, sont convenus de ce qui suit.
Ledit sieur Panckoucke a associĂ©, comme de fait il associe, lesdits sieurs Ostervald, Bosset DeLuze, et Bertrand, ce acceptant, pour moitiĂ© dans la totalitĂ© des cuivres, droits, et privilĂšge du Dictionnaire encyclopĂ©dique, tant pour le prĂ©sent que pour l’avenir, ainsi que dans une nouvelle Ă©dition Ă  deux mille cent cinquante dudit Dictionnaire ornĂ© d’un frontispice et des portraits de Messieurs Diderot et d’Alembert. La prĂ©sente vente et cession d’intĂ©rĂȘt de moitiĂ© est faite pour le prix et somme de cent huit mille livres, argent de France, payable en seize billets de six mille sept cent cinquante livres, mĂȘme valeur, Ă©chĂ©ant au premier avril, premier juillet, premier octobre, premier dĂ©cembre, mille sept [cent] soixante dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf et quatre-vingt, que ledit sieur Panckoucke reconnaĂźt avoir reçus.
Le sieur Panckoucke déclare que les trois premiers volumes de cette nouvelle édition sont actuellement imprimés dans ses magasins, ainsi que le premier volume des planches composé de cent quarante-six cuivres, et que la dépense de ces deux objets est de soixante-dix mille huit cent livres, dont le sieur Panckoucke a fait les avances et dont la moitié monte à trente-cinq mille quatre cent livres, que lesdits sieurs acquéreurs lui ont remis en six de leurs billets, le
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Et au moyen des deux paiements ci-dessus, lesdits sieurs acquĂ©reurs n’auront rien Ă  payer pour l’impression, papiers des trois premiers volumes de discours, le tome premier de planches, ainsi que pour le frontispice et les deux portraits de Messieurs Diderot et d’Alembert, qui sont Ă  la tĂȘte du premier volume.
Et au sujet de la prĂ©sente sociĂ©tĂ©, lesdits sieurs soussignĂ©s ont arrĂȘtĂ© entre eux les articles suivants:
1. Lesdits sieurs acquĂ©reurs ne pourront rĂ©signer leurs intĂ©rĂȘts sans le consentement par Ă©crit dudit sieur Panckoucke, et, rĂ©ciproquement, ledit sieur Panckoucke s’engage de rester intĂ©ressĂ© dans l’entreprise au moins pour un tiers.
2. Pour simplifier les redditions de compte, les associĂ©s sont convenus de fixer un prix invariable Ă  tous les objets de dĂ©pense comme suit. Le prix de gravure de chaque nouvelle planche, qui en contient deux et quelquefois trois des anciennes, Ă  soixante livres, dessins et retouches compris; le prix de la retouche des planches anciennes qu’on croira pouvoir conserver Ă  vingt-cinq livres; le prix du tirage de chaque millier de planches Ă  quinze livres; le prix du papier des planches Ă  quinze livres la rame; le prix de l’impression Ă  deux mille cent cinquante de chaque feuille du discours concernant les planches Ă  trent...

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Title
  3. Copyright
  4. Acknowledgments
  5. Contents
  6. I. Introduction : The Biography of a Book
  7. II. The Genesis of a Speculation in Publishing
  8. III. Juggling Editions
  9. IV. Piracy and Trade War
  10. V. Bookmaking
  11. VI. Diffusion
  12. VII. Settling Accounts
  13. VIII. The Ultimate Encyclopédie
  14. IX. Encyclopedism, Capitalism, and Revolution
  15. X. Conclusion
  16. Appendices
  17. Bibliographical Note
  18. Index