Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Abul Kalam Azad

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780081027776
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Renewable Power Resources
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Advances in Eco-fuels for Sustainable Environment presents the most recent developments in the field of environmentally friendly eco-fuels. Dr. Kalad Azad and his team of contributors analyze the latest bio-energy technologies and emission control strategies, while also considering other important factors, such as environmental sustainability and energy efficiency improvement. Coverage includes biofuel extraction and conversion technologies, the implementation of biotechnologies and system improvement methods in the process industries. This book will help readers develop a deeper understanding of the relevant concepts and solutions to global sustainability issues with the goal of achieving cleaner, more efficient energy.

Energy industry practitioners, energy policymakers and government organizations, renewables researchers and academics will find this book extremely useful.

• Focuses on recent developments in the field of eco-fuels, applying concepts to various medium-large scale industries
• Considers the societal and environmental benefits, along with an analysis of technologies and research
• Includes contributions from industry experts and global case studies to demonstrate the application of the research and technologies discussed

1

Introduction to sustainable and alternative ecofuels

Kalam Azad*; M.G. Rasul^†; M.M.K. Khan*; Subhash C. Sharma* * School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
^† School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia

Abstract

The study introduces the general background of ecofuels and its importance for environmental sustainability focusing on the transport sector. It also briefly discussed prospective ecofuels feedstocks of different generations such as first, second, third generation and its oil yield. The significant and sustainability of the ecofuel have also been focused due to its becoming an interesting research field in the area of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. Finally, the study recommends further study on production and cost optimization of the ecofuels.

Keywords

Ecofuel; Biodiesel; Feedstock; First Generation, second generation, third generation ecofuel; Environmental sustainability

1.1 Background

The total global energy demand has increased at the rate of 1.52% per year [1], which is faster than the total population growth of 1.14% per year [2]. This increase is attributed to the development of modern civilization, improvements of lifestyle, dependency on more electronic devices, increased usage of automobiles, increasing industrialization, and recent commercial development, particularly in developing countries. Fig. 1.1 illustrates the history and projection of world total population growth and total energy consumption. The world total energy consumption will increase about 56% between 2010 and 2040, as projected by the International Energy Outlook [1]. The total energy consumption includes liquid fuel, coal, natural gas, and nuclear energy. Fig. 1.2 shows the world's total energy consumption by various sources. The highest consumption of liquid fuels was recorded at about 33% of total energy consumption in 2015, which is one of the main concerns with regard to energy security, environmental sustainability, and higher oil prices in the near future [1]. Liquid fuel, more specifically liquid fossil fuel, consumption is increasing at the rate of about 2.1% per year and is mainly consumed by the transport sector [1]. This sector accounts for about 28% of global energy consumption since 2000 [3]. For example, the transport sector (including aviation, road, rail, and marine) consumed about 25% of total world energy in 2012, and this is expected to increase at the rate of 1.4% per year from 2012 to 2040 as projected by the IEO [1]. This increasing energy demand in the transport sector could be met by low-emitting, renewable, and liquid ecofuels (such as biofuels) as an alternative transport fuel [4]. The Renewables 2016 Global Status Report revealed that biofuels met about 4% of global transport energy demand in 2015 [3]. Worldwide, the transport sector constitutes around 67% road transport, 23% shipping, 4% rail, and the remainder in aviation transport [3]. The ecofuel usage includes biodiesel for the road, rail, and marine, and bioethanol for light passenger vehicles throughout the world [5].

Fig. 1.1 World total energy consumption and total population growth. (Based on International Energy Outlook IEO, International Energy Outlook 2016, Chapter 1: World energy demand and economic outlook, [cited on 10 November 2016]; Available from: <https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/world.cfm> 2016; The World Bank, Total population data, [cited on 20th November, 2016]; Available from: <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2015&start=1960&view=chart>, 2016.)

Fig. 1.2 World total energy consumption by energy sources [1].

In recent years, ecofuel has created new markets, including its usage in the aviation sector as aviation biofuel [3]. The aviation sector consumes about 10% of the total global energy, which is responsible for 2% of total CO₂ emissions worldwide as reported by Chiaramonti and Prussi [6]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) revealed that about 14% of total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were recorded in 2010 due to the usage of petroleum fuels in road, rail, air, and marine transport [7]. In recent years, aviation biofuel and biodiesel have become more attractive because of their excellent capability to mitigate adverse environmental effects and to meet future energy security concern...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• About the editor
• Preface
• 1: Introduction to sustainable and alternative ecofuels
• 2: Ecofuel feedstocks and their prospects
• 3: Prospects of biodiesel feedstock as an effective ecofuel source and their challenges
• 4: Prospective ecofuel feedstocks for sustainable production
• 5: Microwave-assisted fast pyrolysis of hazardous waste engine oil into green fuels
• 6: Anaerobic digestion of various feedstocks for second-generation biofuel production
• 7: Advances in bio-oil extraction from nonedible oil seeds and algal biomass
• 8: Prospects and technological advancement of cellulosic bioethanol ecofuel production
• 9: Ecofuel conversion technology of inedible lipid feedstocks to renewable fuel
• 10: Thermal depolymerization of biogas digestate as a viable digestate processing and resource recovery strategy
• 11: Physicochemical fuel properties and tribological behavior of aegle marmelos correa biodiesel
• 12: Ecofuel and its compatibility with different automotive metals to assess diesel engine durability
• 13: Influence of fuel injection timing and nozzle opening pressure on a CRDI-assisted diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel-alcohol fuel
• 14: Assessment of performance, combustion, and emission behavior of novel annona biodiesel-operated diesel engine
• 15: Eco friendly biofuels for CI engine applications
• 16: Reviewing commercial prospects of bioethanol as a renewable source of future energy—an Australian perspective
• 17: Ecofuel future prospect and community impact
• Index