mmWave Massive MIMO

A Paradigm for 5G

Shahid Mumtaz, Jonathan Rodriguez, Linglong Dai

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9780128044780
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

mmWave Massive MIMO: A Paradigm for 5G is the first book of its kind to hinge together related discussions on mmWave and Massive MIMO under the umbrella of 5G networks. New networking scenarios are identified, along with fundamental design requirements for mmWave Massive MIMO networks from an architectural and practical perspective.

Working towards final deployment, this book updates the research community on the current mmWave Massive MIMO roadmap, taking into account the future emerging technologies emanating from 3GPP/IEEE. The book's editors draw on their vast experience in international research on the forefront of the mmWave Massive MIMO research arena and standardization.

This book aims to talk openly about the topic, and will serve as a useful reference not only for postgraduates students to learn more on this evolving field, but also as inspiration for mobile communication researchers who want to make further innovative strides in the field to mark their legacy in the 5G arena.

• Contains tutorials on the basics of mmWave and Massive MIMO
• Identifies new 5G networking scenarios, along with design requirements from an architectural and practical perspective
• Details the latest updates on the evolution of the mmWave Massive MIMO roadmap, considering future emerging technologies emanating from 3GPP/IEEE
• Includes contributions from leading experts in the field in modeling and prototype design for mmWave Massive MIMO design
• Presents an ideal reference that not only helps postgraduate students learn more in this evolving field, but also inspires mobile communication researchers towards further innovation

Chapter 1

Introduction to mmWave massive MIMO

S. Mumtaz*; J. Rodriguez*; L. Dai^{† *} Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal
^† Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Abstract

Wireless communication systems have historically undergone a revolution about once every decade (e.g., an entirely new standard). We are now thinking about 5G, which is at the exploratory research phase, with industry consensus hinting toward commercialization around 2020 with widespread adoption by 2025. The market is demanding that 5G should support a much higher system capacity (100–1000 ×) than current 4G systems, which are already close to the Shannon limit in point-to-point communication systems. To address the 5G design target, the information theory suggests that there are predominantly three key approaches to achieving the several orders of magnitude increase in system capacity: ultra-dense networks (UDN), large quantities of new bandwidth, and high spectrum efficiency. Fortunately, millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive MIMO provide a judicious way to harness all of these approaches to provide a wireless networking platform constituting a wireless network of small cells and providing very high speed data rate. This chapter aims to briefly introduce mmWave massive MIMO from a high level. Specifically, the requirements of key capabilities for future 5G recently defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) will be introduced first. Then, the potential 5G network architecture based on mmWave massive MIMO that meets the harsh 5G requirements will be described, followed by the corresponding challenges for realizing mmWave massive MIMO. Finally, the structure and key contributions of this book will be summarized.

Keywords

Wireless communication, 5G; mmWave massive MIMO

Chapter Outline

1.1 Requirements of Key Capabilities for 5G

1.2 5G Network Architecture Based on mmWave Massive MIMO

1.3 Challenges for mmWave Massive MIMO

1.4 Structure and Contributions of This Book

References

Wireless communication systems historically have undergone a revolution about once every decade (e.g., an entirely new standard), driven by a combination of market demands and technology advances. We are now thinking 5G at the exploratory research phase, with industry consensus hinting toward commercialization around 2020 with widespread adoption by 2025 [1]. The market is demanding that 5G should support much higher system capacity (100–1000 ×) than current 4G systems, which already are close to the Shannon limit in point-to-point communication systems [2].

To address the 5G design targets, the information theory suggests that there are predominantly three key approaches to achieve several orders of magnitude increase in system capacity [2,3]: (i) ultra-dense networks (UDNs): the network densification already has been adopted in existing 4G wireless cellular networks, which is essentially known as small cell technology, and a denser network can further boost the network capacity [4–6]; (ii) large quantities of new bandwidth: migrating toward higher frequencies will release a large amount of bandwidth available to achieve higher capacity. In particular, the millimeter-wave (“mmWave,” for carrier frequencies of 30–300 GHz) communications can be the promising candidate [7,8]; and (iii) high spectrum efficiency: by using a large number of antennas (100 or more), massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) can significantly improve the spectrum efficiency by extensively harnessing the available space resources [9,10].

Individually, each of these approaches is expected to offer an order of magnitude or more increase in wireless system capacity compared to current 4G systems. Fortunately, these three approaches share a symbiotic convergence in many respects [3,6]: the very short wavelength of mmWave frequencies is attractive for massive MIMO because the physical size of the antenna array can be reduced significantly, smaller cell sizes are appealing for short-range mmWave communications, while the large antenna gains provided by massive MIMO is helpful to overcome the severe path loss of mmWave signals. Indeed, if there is a judicious way to harness all of these three approaches, then one could expect to achieve the 1000-fold increase in capacity for 5G. Taking a step in this direction, we already have mmWave technology that takes the fundamental design blueprints of MIMO technology, and pushes up the operating frequency to the mmWave band. This not only takes a step toward significantly enhancing the MIMO gain of the system, but also is able to somewhat compensate for the severe path loss of mmWave frequencies to allow realistic small cell sizes to exist within coverage areas of 200 m [7,8]. Therefore, a natural step would be to combine mmWave communications and massive MIMO in synergy to harness the properties of wide area coverage on demand and localized small cell hotspots through mmWave technology, leading to the notion of “mmWave massive MIMO” [3], which is expected to provide a wireless networking platform constituting a wireless network of small cells, providing very high-speed data rate.

Although the potential of mmWave massive MIMO is exciting, many challenges spanning the breadth of communications theory and engineering must be addressed before mmWave massive MIMO becomes a reality, e.g., the large number of antennas inevitably introduce very high or even unaffordable hardware complexity and power consumption [11], the estimation and feedback of the large dimension channel involve high overhead that significantly reduces the expected gain in spectrum efficiency [12]. This book aims to systematically address the major challenges of mmWave massive MIMO starting from antenna design, physical layer design, medium access control (MAC) layer design, network layer design, to experimental testing.

As the introduction of this book, this chapter is organized as follows. In Section 1.1, we briefly introduce the requirements of key capabilities for future 5G recently defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [1]. Then, in Section 1.2 we describe the potential 5G network architecture based on mmWave massive MIMO to meet the 5G harsh requirements, and the corresponding challenges for realizing mmWave massive MIMO are discussed in Section 1.3. Finally, we summarize the structure and key contributions of this book in Section 1.4.

1.1 Requirements of Key Capabilities for 5G

The 5G wireless network has not yet been standardized. In Sep. 2015, however, ITU defined the requirements of key capabilities for 5G by eight key performance indicators as shown in Fig. 1.1, where the baselines of current 4G are also compared [1].

Fig. 1.1 Requirements of key capabilities for 5G [1].

The requirements of eight key capabilities for 5G are described below [1].

• Peak data rate: The peak data rate of 5G is expected to reach 10 Gbit/s, compared with 1 Gbit/s for current 4G. Under certain conditions and scenarios, 5G would support up to 20 Gbit/s peak data rate.

• User experienced data rate: 5G would support different user experienced data rates covering a variety of environments. For wide area coverage cases, e.g., in urban and suburban areas, a user experienced data rate of 100 Mbit/s is expected to be enabled, compared with 10 Mbit/s in current 4G systems. In hotspot cases, the user experienced data rate is expected to reach higher values (e.g., 1 Gbit/s in indoor scenarios).

• Spectrum efficiency: The spectrum efficiency of 5G is expected to be three times higher than that of 4G. The achievable increase in efficiency compared with 4G will vary between scenarios and could be higher in some scenarios (e.g., five times or higher in hot spots).

• Mobility: 5G is expected to enable high mobility up to 500 km/h with acceptable quality of service (QoS), while current 4G is mainly designed to support the mobility up to 350 km/h. This is envisioned in particular for high-speed trains.

• Latency: 5G would be able to shorten the over-the-air latency from 10 ms in current 4G systems to 1 ms, so 5G should be capable of supporting services with very low latency requirements.

• Connection density: 5G is expected to support a connection density about 10 times higher than that of 4G—up to 10⁶/km², for example, in massive machine-type communication scenarios.

• Network energy efficiency: The energy consumption for the radio access network of 5G should not be greater than 4G networks deployed today, while delivering the enhanced capabilities. Therefore, the network energy efficiency should be improved by a factor at least as great as the envisaged traffic capacity increase of 5G relative to 4G, e.g., about 100 times higher network energy efficiency.

• Area traffic capacity: 5G is expected to support 10 Mbit/s/m² area traffic capacity, for example, in hot spots, which is about 100 times higher than 0.1 Mbit/s/m² for 4G.

It should be pointed out that, while all key capabilities may to some extent be important for many use cases, the relevance of certain key capabilities might be significantly different, depending on the use cases/scenarios. For example, in the enhanced mobile broadband scenario, user experienced data rate, area traffic capacity, peak data rate, mobility, energy efficiency, and spectrum efficiency all have high importance, but mobility and the user experienced data rate would not have equal importance simultaneously in all use cases, e.g., a higher user experienced data rate in hotspots, but a lower mobility would be required than that in the wide area coverage case [1].

1.2 5G Ne...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Editors
• Chapter 1: Introduction to mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 2: SISO to mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 3: Hybrid antenna array for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 4: Encoding and detection in mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 5: Precoding for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 6: Channel estimation for mmWave massive MIMO systems
• Chapter 7: Channel feedback for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 8: mmWave massive MIMO channel modeling
• Chapter 9: mmWave communication enabling techniques for 5G wireless systems: A link level perspective
• Chapter 10: MAC layer design for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 11: Enhanced multiple-access for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 12: Fronthaul design for mmWave massive MIMO
• Chapter 13: mmWave cellular networks: Stochastic geometry modeling, analysis, and experimental validation
• Index