Two Plus Two Equals Five
Man is a social animal by nature. Man was and will continue to be a social animal, also because it is beneficial to him. When two or more members join together, they stand to gain more that way than as individuals. This is called the non-zero sum game. Gain of one individual is not at the cost of another, but arises from their collaboration. There are four sources of gain from collaborations, namely, division of labor, heterogeneity, benefits of scale and risk reduction.
The benefit from division of labor was vividly illustrated by Adam Smith in his classic, the Wealth of Nations. Quoting the example of a pin manufacturing factory, he quantified die output of a ten-member team working together at forty-eight thousand pins, weighing twelve pounds. The daily production of four thousand eight hundred pins per person working as a team is in contrast to the twenty pins they produced when they worked alone. From this he infers the principle, that 'in every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labor are similar to what they are in this very trifling one, though, in many of them, the labor can neither be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operations.'2 In doing so, Adam Smith only quantified the benefits of a practice that was as old as human society.
Unlike Robinson Crusoe (and Robinson Crusoe had no choice), only people living together in a society could specialize and practise division of labor. It is probable that the initial motive to specialize was driven more by the individual differences in their ability and needs, rather than a purely materialistic objective of maximizing gains. The combination of differing ability and needs and higher yield provided the mutually beneficial opportunity to trade. Excess production especially of perishable commodities was not wasted. It could be traded, either for goods or for a promise to be redeemed later.
In addition to specialization arising from division of labor, working together provided opportunities to pool their resources together. A team of individuals combining together could undertake activities on a scale that was not within the reach of individual members. A team for example could hunt bigger, faster and more ferocious animals, giving each one of them a higher return.
'Money lending', often quoted as the world's first profession, contributes to non-zero sum game by reducing the uncertainty. Amount in excess of requirement, especially of perishable commodities is of little value to an individual who will need it in the future. The practice of lending creates value by matching people in need with people with plenty. Lending assures the lenders that their future needs will be met not only by their own efforts but also supplemented by the efforts of the individuals to whom they have lent.
If collaborations are so profitable, why is it not found in all societies and in all spheres? The answer to this question was found by William Easterly and Ross Levine in their study of seventy-two countries. They asked the question, 'What makes some country richer than another?' Their answer was quite surprisingly not material resources but social relationships.3 Building on their study, Eric Beinhocker identified three basic prerequisites for collaboration that determined the economic development of these countries.4 First was the potential for a non-zero sum game, the second was a method for sharing the gain from collaboration and the third was a mechanism to ensure that the agreed sharing pattern was practised.
Does this twentieth century finding stand the scrutiny of human history? Is there evidence to prove that economic prosperity rests on these conditions?
In one of the most ...