Notes
Introduction
1. âA New SpiritâAn open letter from Israeli Descendants of the Countries of Islam.â âRuch Jadidah/Ruach Hadasha: Young Mizrahi Israelisâ Open Letter to Arab Peers.
2. See, for example, Eyal, Hasarat hakesem min hamizrah, 22â23; Hochberg, âThe Mediterranean Optionâ; Ohana, The Origins of Israeli Mythology, 182â221; A. Rubinstein, From Herzl to Rabin, 54â81; Tal, âIsrael in or of the Middle East.â
3. See, for example, Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs; Heller, Mibrit shalom leâichud.
4. Irwin Cotler, âThe Double Nakba,â Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008.
5. M. Cohen, âIslam and the Jews.â See also Lewis, The Jews of Islam and Islam in History, 137â52.
6. Memmi, âWho Is an Arab Jew?â For a different version of this text, see Memmi, Jews and Arabs, 21â22. For more recent works on this issue, see, for example, Gilbert, In Ishmaelâs House; Weinstock, Nokhekhut ko arukah.
7. On the policy of the Zionist movement toward the Arab Question, see, for example, Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs; Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism before World War I; Shapira, Land and Power.
8. On the cultural connections between Palestine and the Levant, see, for example, Alcalay, After Jews and Arabs.
9. Tsur, âHahistoriographya haisraelit vehabeâaya haâadatit,â 19.
10. Bar-On, âHahistoriographya haisraelit shel hasihsukh haisraeli-âaraviâ; Gelber, Historia, zikaron vetaâamula, 400â403; Shapira, âHahistoriographya shel hatziyonut vemedinat israel beshishim shnot medina.â
11. Horowitz and Lissak, Origins of the Israeli Polity, 16â35. For more on the dual-society model and the social and economic differences between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, see Khalidi, The Iron Cage, especially. 1â31; Metzer, The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine.
12. Halamish, âEretz Israel hamandatorit.â
13. Lockman, âRailway Workers and Relational History,â 604. For more on this issue, see, for example, Bernstein, Constructing Boundaries; Gozanski, Hitpathut hakapitalism befalestina; Lockman, Comrades and Enemies; Metzer, âKalkalat eretz Israel beyemei hamandatâ; Segev, One Palestine, Complete; Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; Smith, The Roots of Separatism in Palestine.
14. Halamish, âEretz Israel hamandatorit.â
15. For studies that discuss the connections between Sephardi and Oriental Jews and the Arab Question, see, for example, Alboher, Hizdahut, histaglut vehistaygut; M. Behar and Benite, Modern Middle Eastern Jewish Thought; Bezalel, Noladetem Ziyonim; Haim, Yihud vehishtalvut.
16. Razi, âYehudiot âarviot?â
17. See, for example, Herzog, âAdatiyut politit; Kats, âZikatam shel sefaradim ubney âedot hamizrah batnuâot hadatiyot leumiyot hamizrahi vehapoâel hamizrahi beâeretz Israel 1918â1947â; Levi, âHapeâilut hapolitit vehairgun shel hakehila hasfaradit bayeshuv ubemedinat Israel, 1945â1955â; Lissak, âHabeâaya haâadatit veirgunim âadatiyim bitkufat hayeshuvâ; Morag-Talmon, Haâeda hasfaradit bitkufat hayeshuv.
18. On joint Ottoman citizenship, see Campos, Ottoman Brothers; J. Cohen, Becoming Ottomans.
19. Exceptions are Alboher, Hizdahut, histaglut vehistaygut; Bezalel, Noladetem Ziyonim; Haim, Yihud vehishtalvut; Kats, âZikatam shel sefaradim ubney âedot hamizrah batnuâot hadatiyot leumiyot hamizrahi vehapoâel hamizrahi beâeretz Israel 1918â1947â; Levi, âHapeâilut hapolitit vehairgun shel hakehila hasfaradit bayeshuv ubemedinat Israel, 1945â1955â; Razi, âYehudiyot âarviyot?â and Yaldei hahefker.
20. âMemorandum Presented to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine by the Sephardic Communities in Palestine,â February 1946, 6209/10, Jerusalem Municipal Archive, Jerusalem (hereafter JMA).
21. âHayeshuv haâivri besof 1936,â Davar, February 11, 1937.
22. âBe-1946 hegiâa mispar hayehudim beâeretz Israel le-592,000,â Hamashkif, September 2, 1946.
23. Lissak, âIyunim behistorya hevratit shel Israel, 43 and 48.
24. Klein, Lives in Common, ixâxi and 19â64.
25. For the different terminology that was used in different contexts, see âal-Muâtamar al-âArabi al-Yahudi,â Filastin, August 2, 1938; âMushkilat Filastin,â Filastin, August 9, 1938; âNahna wa-almadaris al-tanawiyah,â Filastin, February 11, 1945; âWataniyat al-mahajjir: yahud filastin,â Filastin, May 30, 1931.
26. Avraham Elmaleh, âHistadrut halutzey hamizrah (hirhurim),â Doar Hayom, November 30, 1923. On the term âMustaâarvim,â see Ben Zvi, Mehkarim umekorot, 15â20; Rozen, âMaâamad hamustaâarvim vehayahasim bein haâedot bayeshuv hayehudi beâeretz Israel mishalhey hameah ha-15 veâad shalhey hameah ha-17.â
27. For more on the frontier, periphery neighborhoods in the mixed cities, see chapter 4.
28. See, for example, Abbasi, Zefat bitkufat hamandat 1918â1948; Bernstein, âSouth of Tel Aviv and North of Jaffaâ; Goren, Shituf betzel âimut; Helman, Or veyam hekifuha; Kidron, Bein leom lemakom; LeVine, Overthrowing Geography; Razi, Yaldei hahefker.
29. Several studies published in recent years demonstrate the exciting research directions that are being pursued. See, for example, Ben-Bassat, Petitioning the Sultan; Campos, Ottoman Bro...