American Crossroads

Paul Ortiz

• Publisher: University of California Press
• Year: 2005
• ISBN:
  9780520940390
• Edition: 1
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: North American History
• Index: History

In this penetrating examination of African American politics and culture, Paul Ortiz throws a powerful light on the struggle of black Floridians to create the first statewide civil rights movement against Jim Crow. Concentrating on the period between the end of slavery and the election of 1920, Emancipation Betrayed vividly demonstrates that the decades leading up to the historic voter registration drive of 1919-20 were marked by intense battles during which African Americans struck for higher wages, took up arms to prevent lynching, forged independent political alliances, boycotted segregated streetcars, and created a democratic historical memory of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Contrary to previous claims that African Americans made few strides toward building an effective civil rights movement during this period, Ortiz documents how black Floridians formed mutual aid organizations—secret societies, women's clubs, labor unions, and churches—to bolster dignity and survival in the harsh climate of Florida, which had the highest lynching rate of any state in the union. African Americans called on these institutions to build a statewide movement to regain the right to vote after World War I. African American women played a decisive role in the campaign as they mobilized in the months leading up to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. The 1920 contest culminated in the bloodiest Election Day in modern American history, when white supremacists and the Ku Klux Klan violently, and with state sanction, prevented African Americans from voting. Ortiz's eloquent interpretation of the many ways that black Floridians fought to expand the meaning of freedom beyond formal equality and his broader consideration of how people resist oppression and create new social movements illuminate a strategic era of United States history and reveal how the legacy of legal segregation continues to play itself out to this day.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• List of Tables
• Preface: Election Day in Florida
• Acknowledgments
• Prologue: Slavery and Civil War
• 1 THE PROMISE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• 2 THE STRUGGLE TO SAVE DEMOCRACY
• 3 WE ARE IN THE HANDS OF THE DEVIL: Fighting Racial Terrorism
• 4 TO GAIN THESE FRUITS THAT HAVE BEEN EARNED: Emancipation Day
• 5 TO SEE THAT NONE SUFFER: Mutual Aid and Resistance
• 6 LOOKING FOR A FREE STATE TO LIVE IN
• 7 ECHOES OF EMANCIPATION: The Great War in Florida
• 8 WITH BABIES IN THEIR ARMS: The Voter Registration Movement
• 9 ELECTION DAY, 1920
• Conclusion: Legacies of the Florida Movement
• Notes
• Selected Bibliography
• Index
• Photo Section