Environmental Science And Sustainable Development - International Conference (Icessd 2015)

International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2015)

Bidyut Saha

• Publisher: WSPC
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9789814723046
• Topic: Biowissenschaften
• Subtopic: Umweltwissenschaft

This proceedings is a collection of selected papers presented at the 2015 International Conference on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development (ICESSD 2015), which was held on October 25–26, 2015, Bangkok, Thailand. Issues covered include environment protection and sustainable development. Researchers working in these two areas should find results in the proceedings enlightening and topics discussed challenging.

Contents:

• Environmental Pollution and Protection Engineering:
  • Source Identification of Heavy Metals on Surface Soil in Guiyang City, China (L J Dai, X F Cai, J Wang, Y X Zhang and F Q Hu)
  • Hazard Analysis and Protective Countermeasures of Dust Explosion in Dedusting System (J F Zhang, X Liu, Q Li, Y L Li and Y Hu)
  • Digital Manufacturing: Way to the Environment Safe Factory (A A Kutin and N N Zakshevskaya)
  • Disposal of Plastic Waste and Stone Dust: A Sustainable Development Approach (Thangjam Somchand Singh)
  • Ambient Air Quality in Thailand: The Impact of Particulate and Gaseous pollutants on IAQ (Christopher O Muller, Henri Seng and Tavatchai Satienrattanakul)
  • Investigation on Heavy Metal Enrichment Characteristics of Eight Weeds in Coalmine Wasteland, Eastern Guangdong (Y M Zhong, Q H Yang, X L Zeng, D L Liu and H N Liu)
  • New Approach to Development of Flow Neutralization System for Exhaust Gases Purification (A A Vedyagin, I V Desyatykh, T A Maksimova and I V Mishakov)
  • Statistical Relationship between Dissolved and Suspended Components in an Electrically-Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (A Giwa and S W Hasan)
  • Enhancement of Anaerobic Biodegradability and Solubilization by Thermal Pre-Treatment of Waste Activated Sludge (S Y Jeong, J H Jeung, D H Moon and S W Chang)
  • Liquid Recirculation System for Anaerobic Digestion Using Source Sorted Food Waste (C H Cho and B H Lee)
  • Characteristics of Carbonization Residue with Mixture of Woody Waste and Sewage Sludge (H J Choi and S W Rhee)
  • Research on Palladium Silver Alloy Resistance Hydrogen Sensor (Z T Geng and Q He)
  • Power Analysis of Small Wind Turbine (K Y Huang, G C Tsai, G J Guo and C K Feng)
  • Integrated Waste Management — Technology Transfer between Australia and Nepal (K Douglas, D Ionescu, B Mainali and J Petrolito)
  • Northern Tibet Grassland Vegetation Index Factor Screening and Suitability Partition (G Q Zheng, H C Zheng and Y X Li)
  • Remote Sensing of Suspended Particulate Matter Variability of the Global Coastal Waters Over the Last Decade (H Loisel, V Vantrepotte, D Dessailly, F Steinmetz and B Han)
  • Risk Assessment on Storm Flood Disasters of Different Return Periods in Huai River Basin (Z T Zhang, N Li and C Gao)
  • Effects of N and P Additions on Soil Nutrient and Biochemical Characteristics in an Acacia Mangium Stand (J Li, W L Huang, L Xue and Z Y Lie)
  • Soil Characteristics of Tephrosia Candida Stands with Different Densities (Z Y Lie, J Li, L Xue and W L Huang)
  • Diagnostics of the Influence of Suspended Solids and Phosphorus on Groundwater Quality (Lucie Teslikova Hurdalkova, Dagmar Kuta and Nada Zdrazilova)
  • Analytical Research on Pollution Sources of PAHs in the Soil Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (F Chen, Z W Cao and Y F Zhang)
  • Strategic Approach to Develop Biological Washing in Global Scale (H K Zhang, J M H Chiang, M Plaisent and P Bernard)
  • From the Perspective of Green Laws to Discuss the Green Environmental Performance of Manufacturers (S B Tsai)
  • Determination of the Maximum Explosion Pressure of Coal Dust Clouds (R Kuracina, Z Szabova, M Mencik and P Cekan)
  • Research of Multi-Functional Coastal Zoning and Evaluation Based on Principle Component Analysis (L Zhao, M M Song and Z D Xu)
  • Residence Time Distribution and Disinfectant Mixing in Private Water Tanks (V G Tzatchkov, A Martin-Dominguez and R D Hernandez-Lopez)
  • Analysis of Inconsistent Hydrological Frequency Based on TFPW-MK-Pettitt and EEMD (J Wu, Y F Chen and Q Hang)
• Energy Science and Sustainable Development:
  • Energy Consumption of Ozone Generation and Dye Degradation by Using ZnO Photocatalytic Ozonation (Suntree Sangjan, Sirichai Puasawat and Channarong Uamthong)
  • Nannochloropsis Oculata Algae as Biofuels: A Review on Two-Stage Culture (N A Zakariah, N Abd Rahman, F Hamzah, T Md Jahi and A Ismail)
  • Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation from Solar Energy in Thailand (W Khaenson, S Maneewan, C Punlek, S Chindaraksa and N Rachapradit)
  • Wind Load Analysis and Temperature Measuring Experiment for Design and Fabrication of Solar Collecting System Combined Small Flat Mirrors (K H Song, C W Son, H S Ahn, K T Kim, T I Seo, B H Jo and J E Kim)
  • Investigating Competitive Strategies of Renewable Energy Enterprises from the Perspective of Renewable Energy Law (S B Tsai)
  • Air Steam Gasification of Coconut Shell in a Fluidized Bed (S Baskara Sethupathy and E Natarajan)
  • Effect of Electrolyte Composition and Anodic Voltage on the Morphology of TiO 2 Nanotube (Yongho Lee and Daewon Pak)
  • Electrochemical Characteristics of IrO 2 + TaO 5 / Ti DSA Electrode (Jaemin Yoo and Daewon Pak)
  • Effect of Temperature on Torrefaction of Food Waste Using Heat Carrier (Hyunsook Kim and Daewon Pak)
  • Simulation on Improved Genetic Algorithm of The Ship's Superheated Steam Pressure (P Wang, S Zeng, R H Dai and G L Zhang)
  • Methane Potential of Various Organic Wastes: Study of Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Test Before Co-Digestion (J H Jeung, D H Moon and S W Chang)
  • The External Benefits of Expanding Organic Waste-To-Energy Facilities in Korea: A Contingent Valuation Study (S H Min, S Y Park and S H Yoo)
  • The External Benefits of Expanding Organic Waste-To-Energy Facilities in Korea: A Choice Experiment Study (Hyo-Jin Kim, So-Yeon Park and Seung-Hoon Yoo)
  • The Economic Effects of Expanding Organic Waste-To-Energy Facilities in Korea: An Input-Output Analysis (Yong-Cheol Cho, Min-Ji Baek and Seung-Hoon Yoo)
  • A New Porous Catalytic Filter for CO2 Methanation (D H Moon, J H Jeung, S S Kim, and S W Chang)
  • Cross-Country Analysis of the Sustainable Human Development Based on Slack-Based DEA (X Y Zhu, Y X Liu and S Q Ye)
  • Road Asset Management for Sustainable Development (S Cafiso, A Di Graziano, C D'Agostino, G Pappalardo and B Capac)
  • Assessment of Identified Risks in the Process of Preparing and Creating a Municipal Land Plan (J Betáková and J. Dvorský)
  • Research on Re-Employment Condition of Flexible Employment (J Wu and X Wang)
  • Factors Affecting Consumer's Choice for Electric Motorcycles: A Case in Macau (X Zhou, N Sheng and K P Liang)
  • The Performance of a Batch Rotating Fixed Bed of Scrap Bearing Iron Spheres in Hexavalent Chromium Reduction (S Nabil, T M Zewail and N K Amin)
  • Implementation and Design of Voltage-Mode CMOSPWM Boost Power Converter with Feed Forward and Feedback Control Circuit (Min-Chin Lee and Wen-Shiang Jung)
  • Foundation Stability Research of Mat Jack-Up Oil-Storage-Offloading Platform (Y Gao, Z C Deng, S Wu and L P Sun)
• Biological and Medical Engineering:
  • Study on the Pyrolysis of Seven Monosaccharides (C J Ru, Q D Zhang, S L Zhang, Y B Song, J X Zhang, Y L Zong, R P Han, J H Liu and Y Q Li)
  • Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of 10 Species Phorophyte Canopy Humus of Epiphyte Ferns in Ailaoshan Mts., Yunnan, China (X L Li, J M Feng, X M Li, G S Li and C D Xu)
  • Desulfurization of Oil by Recombinant Rhodococcus Gordoniae Strain R3 (Theeta Sricoth, Prayad Pokethitiyook, Toemthip Poolpak and Maleeya Kruatrachue)
  • Bioinspired Neural Model of the Semantic Content (M Crisan)
  • Noble Metal (Co-) Functionalized TiO 2 Containing Photoreactive Hybrid Surfaces Against Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli (I. Dékány, Sz P Tallósy and L Janovák)
  • Trajectory Tracking Error between Plant, Reference and Adaptive Neural Networks Using Two Control Law for Two-Link Robot Manipulator (Joel Perez Padron and Jose Paz Perez Padron)
  • Insecticidal Activity of Crude Extract from Seeds of Millettia Pachyarpa on Cabbage Aphid (T X Lin, M F Gong, Q L Guan and J N Mao)
  • Screening of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Rice Plant Antagonistic Rice Sheath Blight (J N Mao, C H Xu and M F Gong)
  • Disease Resistance Induction in Rice by Inoculation with Endophytic Bacteria Strain REB01 (J N Mao, X Y Zhang and M F Gong)
  • Density Effect on the Nutrient Distribution of Elaeocarpus Sylvestris Seedlings (W L Huang, J Li, L Xue and Z Y Lie)
  • Effects of Low Temperature Stress and Release on Fluorescence Indexes of Greening Seedlings of Three Tree Species (Z M Wang, T T Zhou and L Xue)
  • The Bounded Rational Analysis and Treatment of Accounting Professional Judgment Behavior (S H Liu)
  • Static Rigidness Test Analysis of Some Body-in-White Car (A L Sun, X L Tan, J Zhang, X L Zuo and W Peng)
  • A Bilevel Programming Reformulation for a Single-Leg Flight Capacity Control Problem (R X Gao and H P Jiang)
• Author Index

Readership: Researchers, academics, professionals and graduate students in environmental science.
Environmental Science;Environmental Protection;Energy Engineering;Sustainable Development

CHAPTER 1

Environmental Pollution and Protection Engineering

Source Identification of Heavy Metals on Surface Soil in Guiyang City, China*

L. J. Dai, X. F. Cai, J. Wang^†, Y. X. Zhang and F. Q. Hu

School of Geographical and Environment Sciences, Guizhou Normal University,
Guiyang, China, 550001
^†E-mail: [email protected]

* This work is supported by the Department of science and technology, Guizhou (Qian Ke He JZ Zi [2014], No.2012) and National “12th Five Year” science and technology support plan (2012BAD14B02-6).

In this research, multivariate statistical analysis was employed for heavy metals sources identification of 89 samples of urban surface soil. Results indicated that concentrations of surface soil heavy metals were generally higher than environmental background values of soil elements. The concentration of Pb on surface soil in Guiyang city was lower than those in other cities for the short time usage of Pb gasoline. The concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn on surface soil in Guiyang city were higher than those in more parts of cities for the size and production skill of steel plant, automobile emissions and external soil. The major sources of surface soil elements were the vehicle emissions, steel plant, geo-chemical genesis and external source. It was limited to identify heavy metals sources by using CA and PCA. We must analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of elements by the GIS technique and ambient environmental conditions.

Keywords: Heavy Metal; Surface Soil; Multivariate Statistical Analysis; Guiyang.

1.Introduction

Surface soil often contains high concentrations of heavy metals. The possible sources of heavy metals include emissions (exhausts, wear and tear of ties, brake lining abrasion, automobile body and yellow paint abrasion), waste incinerators, steel plants, smelters, foundries, metal manufactures, power generation plants, and atmospheric deposition of dust and particulates, external soil and soil parent material (Gibson and Farmer, 1986; Facchinelli, et al., 2001; Boruvka, et al., 2005; Celine, et al., 2006; Dragovic, et al., 2008; Wang, et al, 2009; Achilleas and Nikolaos, 2009; Yang, et al., 2009). Along with the process of urbanization and industrialization continuing to quicken, one of the main sources of heavy metal pollution in urban air, water and soil was the increasingly large number of motor vehicle and emissions (Brezonik, 2002; Al-Khashman, 2004; Li, et al., 2004). Because of the low degradability and persistence of heavy metal elements, the accumulation of heavy metals is an important environmental indication and a large environmental pollution hazard in urban surface soil (Manta et al., 2002).

There are three main fields of the researches about heavy metals sources identification in urban surface soil. The multivariate statistical analysis approach was employed for pollutant sources identification (Li et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2006; Martin, et al., 2006; Liu et al.,2009; Shinhsien Chang et al., 2009). The environmental geomagnetism was applied to determine heavy metal sources by some scholars (Wonnyon et al., 2007). The GIS technique for spatial analysis in different function areas (industry, commercial, residential, road, et al.) can be applied to determine pollutant distribution and source (Lu et al.,2003; Li et al.,2004; Zhang, 2004; Lee et al.,2006; Dragovic et al., 2008; Wang et al.,2009).

In this study, surface soil samples in two old urban districts were collected and eight metals (Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) were analyzed. The aims of the study were: (1) to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in surface soil between the old industrial city and the emerging medium city; (2) to identify the heavy metals sources by using multivariate regression of surface soil data; and (3) to evaluate the influences of PCA analyzed areas on results of source identification.

2.Materials and methods

2.1.The study area

Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province, is located at east longitude 106°07′~107°17′ and north latitude 26°11′~ 27°22′, middle of Guizhou Province and the eastern slope district of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest of China. The old urban districts of Guiyang (Yunyan district and Nanming District) were selected as the study area. Yunyan district lies in the north of Guiyang, with a population of 7.9×10⁵(2009); Nan-ming district lies in the south of Guiyang which had a population of 7.1×10⁵ (2009). In order to meet the needs of urban construction and development, 4 trunk line roads of north-south direction and 2 trunk line roads of east-west direction had been built and rebuilt in Guiyang with the transportation intensity of the old city increased since 1949. The transportation and road widening were accelerated by government and the network of the main road was gradually formed. Since 1998, vehicle ownership has been growing rapidly in Guiyang. In 1998, there were only 45,900 cars, but it grew to 4,892,000 vehicles in 2009. Duing the past 11 years, civil vehicles intention has increased 10.65 times.

2.2.Soil sampling and metal analysis

The 10 transport arteries of Huansha road, Jiefang raod, Zhonghua road, Zunyi road, Yan’an road, Zhongshan road, Beijing road and Dusi road in Guiyang city, were selected for sampling in March-April 2008. The trunk roads are linear and lengths are different. According to certain interval (500-1000 m), sampling points were deployed. Three sampling units were selected in 1 m² in both sides of the roads in the chosen (0-10m). 4 random samples were collected in each sample unit. Each sample of 100g was collected. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-20 cm. 24 samples has been collected from 6 sample unit on both sides of the road. 24 samples were mixed thoroughly to make up a composite soil sample by quartering. About 1 kg samples was kept and redundant samples were abandoned. Some sampling points of both sides of roads were arranged based on complexity and traffic volume. Totally 89 soil samples were collected (Fig.1). All samples were put in polyethylene bags and taken back to the laboratory. It did not rain in seven days, and sampling was carried on to ensure the representativeness of samples.

Fig. 1 The location of soil sampling.

Before analysis, all samples were air-dried and passed through a 0.84 mm sieve. And all processed samples were passed through 0.149 mm sieve and put into airtight polyethylene bags. The total content of Hg was digested with mixture of ultrapure acids: H₂SO₄-HNO₃-KMnO₄ (H₂SO₄ / HNO₃, 1:1) and analyzed by using cold atomic absorbent spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer, AA-800). The content of As was digested with mixture acids: H₂SO₄-HNO₃-HClO₄ (H₂SO₄ / HNO₃ / HClO₄, 1:1:3) and analyzed by using atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, AF-640). The total contents of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were determined by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after the samples were digested with a mixture acids: HCl-HNO₃-HF- HClO₄. The total contents of Cd and Pb were determined by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer, AA-800) after the samples were digested with mixture acids: HCl-HNO₃- HF- HClO₄. For quality assurance and quality control, reagent blanks, 20% duplicated samples and sol standard reference materials GSS-1, GSS-2 obtained from Center of National Standard Reference Material of China were prepared and analyzed with the same procedure and reagents.

3.Results

Table 1 indicates that the statistical analysis results of surface soil heavy metals concentration in Guiyang city. The mean value, standard deviation and maximum of Hg are 0.17, 0.18 and 0.9 mg·kg^-1 in surface soil, respectively, and those of Cd are 0.31, 0.28, and 1.91mg·kg^-1, respectively. Those of Ni are 47.72, 127.66 and 97.46 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and those of Pb are 20.01, 174.1 and 104.8 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Those of As are 20.06, 9.23 and 68.31 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and those of Cu are 61.59, 315.66 and 214.4 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Those of Cr are 37.25, 249.07 and 185.10 mg·kg^-1, and those of Zn are 201.17, 118.42 and 635.7 mg·kg^-1. The mean value concentrations of surface soil elements except Pb and Cr are much higher than soil elements environmental background values of China and Guizhou (Table 2) (Wang et al., 1993). The maximum concentrations of soil elements are much higher than soil elements environmental background values of China and Guizhou.

Table 1. Concentrations of metals in dust and soil (mg·kg-1).

SD: standard deviation; CV: coef...

Table of contents

• Cover page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Preface
• Committee
• Contents
• Chapter 1: Environmental Pollution and Protection Engineering
• Chapter 2: Energy Science and Sustainable Development
• Chapter 3: Biological and Medical Engineering
• Author Index