Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering in Dental Sciences

Ajaykumar Vishwakarma,Paul Sharpe,Songtao Shi,Murugan Ramalingam

• Verlag: Academic Press
• Jahr: 2014
• ISBN:
  9780123977786
• Thema: Technology & Engineering
• Thema: Biomedical Science

Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering in Dental Sciences bridges the gap left by many tissue engineering and stem cell biology titles to highlight the significance of translational research in this field in the medical sciences. It compiles basic developmental biology with keen focus on cell and matrix biology, stem cells with relevance to tissue engineering biomaterials including nanotechnology and current applications in various disciplines of dental sciences; viz., periodontology, endodontics, oral & craniofacial surgery, dental implantology, orthodontics & dentofacial orthopedics, organ engineering and transplant medicine. In addition, it covers research ethics, laws and industrial pitfalls that are of particular importance for the future production of tissue constructs.

Tissue Engineering is an interdisciplinary field of biomedical research, which combines life, engineering and materials sciences, to progress the maintenance, repair and replacement of diseased and damaged tissues. This ever-emerging area of research applies an understanding of normal tissue physiology to develop novel biomaterial, acellular and cell-based technologies for clinical and non-clinical applications. As evident in numerous medical disciplines, tissue engineering strategies are now being increasingly developed and evaluated as potential routine therapies for oral and craniofacial tissue repair and regeneration.

• Diligently covers all the aspects related to stem cell biology and tissue engineering in dental sciences: basic science, research, clinical application and commercialization
• Provides detailed descriptions of new, modern technologies, fabrication techniques employed in the fields of stem cells, biomaterials and tissue engineering research including details of latest advances in nanotechnology
• Includes a description of stem cell biology with details focused on oral and craniofacial stem cells and their potential research application throughout medicine
• Print book is available and black and white, and the ebook is in full color

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering

Ajaykumar Vishwakarma¹; Paul Sharpe²; Songtao Shi³; Murugan Ramalingam^{4,5,6 1} Department of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
² Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King´s College London, London, United Kingdom
³ Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
⁴ Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
⁵ WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
⁶ Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR) (A unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru) Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of biomedical research, which combines life, engineering, and materials sciences, to progress the maintenance, repair, and replacement of diseased and damaged tissues. This ever-emerging area of research applies an understanding of normal tissue physiology to develop novel biomaterial and cell-based technologies for clinical and non-clinical applications. As evident in numerous medical disciplines, tissue engineering strategies are now being increasingly developed and evaluated as potential treatments of pathological conditions in dental sciences, particularly periodontology, endodontics, oral and craniofacial surgery, dental implantology, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, organ bioengineering, and transplant medicine. To further understand the concept of oral and craniofacial applications covered in the textbook, this introductory chapter will discuss the emergence of tissue engineering technology and our current understanding of the discipline, the challenges and recent developments within the field, particularly in stem cell-based therapy, and the prospective future application of translational tissue engineering products as routine therapies for tissue repair and regeneration.

Keywords

Tissue engineering

Interdisciplinary

Biomaterial

Cell-based therapy

Translational

Chapter Contents

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Emergence of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2

1.3 Research Themes Underlying Tissue Engineering Technology 4

1.3.1 Cells 4

1.3.2 Biomaterial Scaffolds 6

1.3.3 Tissue-Inducing Factors 7

1.3.4 Devices and Systems 8

1.4 Stem Cell-Based Therapy 8

1.4.1 Pure Stem Cell Therapy 9

1.4.2 Scaffold-Based Stem Cell Therapy 9

1.5 Translational Tissue Engineering 10

1.6 Conclusion 11

References 11

1.1 Introduction

The loss or failure of an organ or tissue resulting from an injury or disease remains one of the most frequent and significant clinical problems in human healthcare globally. Overall the technology of rehabilitative medicine during the recent decades has largely involved different ways to regenerate, replace, or support the function of defective or injured body parts. In general, these approaches can be broadly divided into three categories: (1) biological approach; (2) classical engineering; and (3) combination approach.

The biological approach is based on natural methods and the idea of tissue exchange or organ transplantation as mentioned earlier. In the USA, each year millions of patients suffer with conditions that require transplantation of tissues and organs [1]. The modern age of organ and tissue transplantations is now many decades old [2]. For example, skin grafts and corneal transplants to other sites, even transplants between donors became common by the 1800s. Over the period the technology advanced and gained importance to be able to attempt major organ transplants, e.g., kidney, liver and bone marrow in the mid-1900s. Since the introduction of organ transplantation into medical practice, progress and optimism have been abundant [3]. Those patients that do undergo transplants are faced with the possibility of rejection, and hence lifelong use of an immunosuppressant. These are required to help prevent organ rejection, but have a toxic effect and hence have adverse effects on the patient. Developing methods of inducing transplant tolerance as a means of improving graft outcomes and eliminating the requirement for immunosuppressant, and expanding the pool of organs for transplantation are the major challenges in the field. However, in the current scenario, the demand for organ and tissue transplants is growing outrageously outpacing the supply of donor tissues and predicting a future breach [4]. Therefore, many of the current therapies for the replacement of diseased tissue are limited to the use of artificial prostheses.

Classical engineering strategies, on the contrary, involve the production of synthetic implantable materials and/or devices, which are placed in patients in order to replace or augment diseased or damaged tissues. While implantation of materials in humans has been practiced for more than 3000 years [5], the period that spans the 1900s involved major developments in biomaterials design and application. Examples include the artificial heart, arteries, heart valves, joint replacements, total knee and hip replacements, intraocular lenses, intravascular stents, and dental implants. Although these give good performance in some circumstances, there are severe limitations to this approach originating from the unnatural response of conventional materials to mechanical failures. Although many sophisticated biomaterials are developed and efforts are made to mimic the properties of natural tissues, their use is not yet completely satisfactory. These substitutes are generally less functional, durable, and esthetic. In addition, the economic impact of such therapeutic approaches is notable.

Clearly, the ability to accomplish the desired results has been limited by the availability of suitable tissue constructs that can completely restore physiological function and esthetics. Hence a combination (biological + engineering) approach that is aimed at regenerating the lost functional tissues rather than mere use of synthetic materials would provide a vital alternative to currently available clinical treatments. This has driven the development of tissue engineering in the last few decades that aims to enhance repair of damaged tissues as well as to create replacement organs [6]. Organ transplantation is one of the indelible applications where tissue engineering basics are being implemented and thus is emerging as a need for numerous patients around the world as an alternative tool for regenerating malfunctioning organs. Additionally, a growing number of non-therapeutic applications depend on engineered tissues. For example, using engineered tissues as surrogates for animal models in drug discovery, toxicology screening, pharmacogenomic analysis; using tissue-based sensors to detect biological or/and chemical threats; and using cultivated tissues to serve as factories producing complex proteins on an industrial scale. The tissue engineering basics can be used to provide various needs for human society in terms of health care.

1.2 The Emergence of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Tissue engineering is a field creating biological alternatives for defective tissues and organs that have failed to heal by themselves. Basically, tissue engineering involves the use of engineering principles in the development of tissue or organ grafts [6]. It relies on the concept of using cells, biomaterials, and tissue-inducing factors either alone or in different combinations to accomplish tissue regeneration in vivo or in vitro for transplantation. For example, they may involve isolating cells from a patient or donor, culturing them in vitro under appropriate conditions, and re-implanting them into the defective site of the patient to recover their normal functions. This may involve certain types of materials as scaffolds or matrices that act as guides to the tissue form. Growth factors and other molecules may be provided to stimulate the cellular function. Important factors influencing the course of regeneration are the vascular and mechanical environments. In order to provide further ...

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Foreword
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering
• Part I: Developmental Biology: A Blueprint for Tissue Engineering
• Part II: In Vitro Regulation of Cell Behaviour and Tissue Development
• Part III: Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
• Part IV: Oral and Craniofacial Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering
• Part V: Tooth Tissue Engineering
• Part VI: Tissue Engineering in Endodontics
• Part VII: Periodontal Tissue Engineering
• Part VIII: Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
• Part IX: Bioengineering Organs in Head and Neck
• Part X: Tissue Engineering Skin and Oral Mucosa
• Part XI: Tissue Engineered Implant Dentistry
• Part XII: Tissue Engineering in Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics
• Part XIII: Transplantation of Engineered Tissue Constructs
• Part XIV: Research Ethics and Law
• Glossary
• Nomenclature
• Index