NOTES
Introduction to the English Edition
1An exact figure for the rebel band has not been established. Estimates range from three hundred to five hundred.
2âSalafiâ refers to Muslims who believe that through the ages Muslims deviated from Islam in its original form and who seek its restoration.
3That has become the standard assessment of the uprisingâs impact. Nabil Mouline, The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia, translated by Ethan S. Rundell, Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 212â13. Madawi al-Rasheed, A Most Masculine State, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 108â10. James Buchan, however, describes steps to restrict Western influence in 1978 and early 1979. âThe Return of the Ikhwan,â in David Holden and Richard Johns, eds., The House of Saud: The Rise and Rule of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab World, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982, p. 519.
4Joseph Kechichian provided the first meticulous study of Juhaimanâs writings: âIslamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman al-âUtaybiâs âLettersâ to the Saudi People,â Muslim World 80:1 (1990), 1â16. Stephane Lacroix and Thomas Hegghammer were the first scholars to use interviews with Huzaimi and other Saudis familiar with Juhaimanâs group. Their article places the Salafi Group and Juhaiman in the context of religious tendencies in Saudi Arabia by examining the Salafi Groupâs brief history, its membersâ social backgrounds, and the traces of Juhaimanâs movement in Saudi Arabiaâs religious landscape up to the early 2000s. âRejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-âUtaybi Revisited,â International Journal of Middle East Studies 39:1 (2007), 103â22. Yaroslav Trofimov offers the most complete account of the uprising based on interviews with Saudi government officials and Saudis familiar with the Salafi Group. The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islamâs Holiest Shrine and the Birth of Al-Qaeda, Doubleday, 2007. Compared to other accounts, Huzaimiâs memoir emphasizes religious factors more than politics in explaining tensions between Juhaimanâs faction and the Saudi authorities that led to the uprising.
5Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2018, is an excellent introduction to the revolution and its historical background.
6James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations, Yale University Press, 1989, p. 233. Billâs book surveys relations between the United States and Iran from the early 1900s to the early years of the Islamic Republic.
7William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967, Brookings Institution, 2005, gives an expertâs first-person insights into the Camp David Accords and the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.
8One difference between the Salafi Group and other Islamic groups was the formerâs indifference toward the Palestinian issue.
9Trofimovâs The Siege of Mecca provides the most detailed account of the uprising.
10Trofimov, The Siege of Mecca, pp. 104â16, 142â4, 202â6.
11Toby Craig Jones, âRebellion on the Saudi Periphery: Modernity, Marginalization, and the Shiâa Uprising of 1979,â International Journal of Middle East Studies 38:2 (2006), 213â33.
12Some details about the precise role of the French advisers remain unclear, particularly whether they directed the assault from a nearby town outside the zone forbidden to non-Muslims or undertook a nominal conversion to Islam and entered Mecca.
13Trofimov, The Siege of Mecca, pp. 224â5. Some estimates of the death count run to a thousand or more. About 170 militants surrendered.
14Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, Penguin, 2004.
15Two introductory texts on Islam that discuss the topics in this section are Frederick Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 4th ed., Pearson Hall, 2011, and Jonathan P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600 to 1800, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
16Medina is short for Madinat al-Nabi, the City of the Prophet.
17The common English translation for jihad is holy war.
18The Quran, Surat al-Hijr, al-Hijr 15:1.
19The Quran, Surat al-Zukhruf, Ornaments of Gold, 43:2â3.
20On the early history of hadith literature and hadith scholars, J. Robson, âHadith,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006.
21Technically, a hadith may originate with someone who knew the Prophet and not the Prophet himself.
22Wilferd Madelung, ââAbd Allah B. Al-Zubayr and the Mahdi,â Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40:4, Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Nabia Abbott: Part Two (October 1981), 291â305; hadith cited from p. 294.
23J. Robson, âal-Bukhari, Muhammad b. Ismaâil,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006; G. H. A. Juynboll, âMuslim b. al-Hadjdjadj,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006; A. J. Wensinck, âal-Nasaâi,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006; J. Robson, âAbu Daâud al-Sidjistani,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006; G. H. A. Juynboll, âal-Tirmidhi,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006; J. W. FĂŒck, âIbn Madja,â Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Brill, 2006.
24For an overview of apocalyptic thought and Mahdist movements in Islam from early times to the present, Jean-Pierre Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam, University of California Press, 2011.
25Vernon O. Egger, A History of the Muslim World to 1750: The Making of a Civilization, 2nd ed., Routledge, 2017, pp. 65â71. The word âShiismâ comes from the Arabic phrase Shiâat Ali, or partisans of Ali.
26On the second civil war, Egger, A History of the Muslim World to 1750, pp. 73â4; Filiu, Apocalypse in Islam, pp. 8â10.
27Madelung, ââAbd Allah B. Al-Zubayr ...