Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion

Mesfin A. Kebede, Fabian I. Ezema, Mesfin A. Kebede, Fabian I. Ezema

• Verlag: CRC Press
• Jahr: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781000457896
• Auflage: 1
• Thema: Naturwissenschaften
• Thema: Energie

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and materials used in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, supercapacitors and conversion materials for solar and fuel cells. Chapters introduce the technologies behind each material, in addition to the fundamental principles of the devices, and their wider impact and contribution to the field. This book will be an ideal reference for researchers and individuals working in industries based on energy storage and conversion technologies across physics, chemistry and engineering.

FEATURES

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• Edited by established authorities, with chapter contributions from subject-area specialists

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• Provides a comprehensive review of the field

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• Up to date with the latest developments and research

Editors

Dr. Mesfin A. Kebede obtained his PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Inha University, South Korea. He is now a principal research scientist at Energy Centre of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa. He was previously an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. His extensive research experience covers the use of electrode materials for energy storage and energy conversion.

Prof. Fabian I. Ezema is a professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He obtained his PhD in Physics and Astronomy from University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His research focuses on several areas of materials science with an emphasis on energy applications, specifically electrode materials for energy conversion and storage.

1 Lithium-Ion Batteries: From the Materials' Perspective

Camillus Sunday Obayi¹, Paul Sunday Nnamchi¹, and Fabian I. Ezema²

¹Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

²Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

DOI: 10.1201/9781003145585-1

1.1 Introduction

Currently, rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the fastest growing energy storage device. It dominates portable and smart electronic devices such as cellular phones, laptop computers, and digital cameras due to its light weight, high energy density, good capacity retention, and long lifespan (Jiantie Xu et al. 2017, 1–14; Qi Wen et al. 2017, 19521–19540; K. Liu et al. 2018, eaas 9820). Tremendous research efforts led to its commercialization by SONY 29 years ago (1991), and these material-driven research efforts have led to significant improvement in the electrochemical performances of LIB. Lithium-ion batteries are now safer, have higher energy capacity, better cycling stability, and highest energy density compared to other common secondary batteries such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride. A greater part of this progress can be ascribed to the search and introduction of new materials with improved properties. LIBs are still the most promising option for large-scale energy storage for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), grid-scale energy storage, and critical space and aeronautical applications (Jiantie Xu et al. 2017, 1–14; Qi Wen et al. 2017, 19521–19540; X. Lou et al. 2019, 6089–6096). The quest to use LIB for these higher energy storage applications will continue to challenge performance of LIBs and to drive the search for improved LIB materials.

The electrochemical performance of LIB is critically dependent on the intrinsic nature of electrode materials and chemistry associated with electrode–electrolyte interface. Besides the inherent nature of electrode materials which include physical and chemical properties, performance depends also on the design and synthesis routes for the electrode materials, which can enable modification of composition or structures, reduction in defects or creation of performance-enhancing architectures (Qi Wen et al. 2017, 19521–19540). The early development of rechargeable LIBs had material challenges associated with intrinsic reactivity of lithium metal, which posed safety and rechargeability problems. This initial problem was reduced by incorporating pure lithium metal into weakly bonded compounds such as graphite, to form intercalated lithium ion electrode that is slightly lower in energy density than pure lithium metal, but less reactive and safe.

Over time due to increasing demand for better performance, there has been intense and progressive research effort to overcome many of the LIB material problems by designing and developing a variety of new anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials. Materials that have been studied as anode materials include metallic lithium (K. Xu 2004, 4303–4418; B. Scrosati B 2011, 1623–1630), various forms of carbon (N. Nitta et al. 2015, 252–264; Z. Yan et al. 2017, 495–501; H. Zheng et al. 2012, 4904–4912; C. Ma et al. 2013, 553–556; K. Wang et al. 2017, 1687–1695), and other materials based on silicon (Si) (N. Nitta et al. 2015, 252–264; A. Casimir et al. 2016, 359–376), tin (Sn) (O. Crosnier et al. 1999, 311–315), titanium (Ti) (N. Nitta et al. 2015, 252–264; S. Chauque et al. 2017, 142–155), and conversion reaction-type materials (J. Cabana et al. 2010, E170–E192; Scrosati and Garche 2010, 2419–2430; Y. Lu et al. 2018, 972–996). The major cathode materials include layered lithium transition metal oxides of the types LiMO₂ (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, N) [Y. Yang et al. 1997, 227–230, J. Shu et al. 2010, 3323–3328), LiFePO₄ (L.H. Hu et al. 2013, 1687; C.T. Hsieh et al. 2014, 1501–1508), V₂O₅ (Y. Yang et al. 2014, 9590–9594), non-oxide FeS₂ (D.T. Tran et al. 2015, 87847–87854), fluoride-based compounds, and poly-anionic compounds (electronic conducting polymers) (Sngodu, Deshmukh 2015, 42109–42130; T.M. Higgins et al. 2016, 3702–3713).

Though these research efforts have resulted in the production of higher capacity and safer LIBs, but the realization of electrode materials with optimum electrochemical performances, ease of synthesis, and manufacture for massive energy storage is still pending. This chapter reviews the research efforts and challenges in the progressing development of new anode and cathode electrode materials in response to the increasing demand for cheaper, safer, lighter, higher energy storage capacity, and environmentally friendly LIBs.

1.2 Brief History of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials

The use of lithium metal as battery anode electrode material started much earlier than now due to its attractive properties such as low density (0.534 gcm^‒3), high specific capacity (3860 mAhg^‒1), low redox potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE), and low resistance (Krivik and Baca 2013; Mogalahalli 2020, 1884). These properties result in significantly high energy density and high operating voltage in lithium- based batteries compared to traditional batteries such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride batteries. The design of non-rechargeable or disposable lithium-metal battery started around 1912, and the first primary lithium batteries were commercially available in the early 1970s (Lewis and Keyes 1913, 340–344; Krivik and Baca 2013). Such primary non-aqueous LIBs included lithium sulphur dioxide Li//SO₂ which was introduced in 1969 (Meyers and Simmons 1969); lithium-carbon monofluoride (Li//CFx) primary cell introduced in 1973; lithium-manganese dioxide primary cells (Li//MnO₂) which came into being in 1975, and lithium-copper oxide Li//CuO batteries (Goodenough 2013, 51–92). These early primary Lithium cells found applications in LED fishing floats, cameras, calculators, and memory backup applications.

The increasing demand for batteries of higher performance and the drive to harness the attractive properties of lithium metal attracted great research efforts towards converting lithium primary cells into rechargeable cells with high energy density. These attempts to develop rechargeable lithium batteries had challenges such as safety problems associated with high chemical reactivity of lithium metal and the tendency for lithium to precipitate on the negative electrode during charging forming dendrites which easily cause short circuiting (Akira Yoshino 2012, 2–5). Lithium is a very reactive rare-earth metal, and this characteristic poses problems not only in manufacture but also in the selection of other battery components.

The difficulties of working with pure lithium metal were reduced with the discovery of intercalation compounds or non-stoichiometric compounds or weakly bonded compounds by inorganic and solid-state chemists in the 1970s (Guerard and Herold 1975, 337–345; Whittingham 1978, 41–99), which gave birth to rechargeable LIBs. This enabled intercalation reactions of an ion, atom, or molecule into a crystal lattice of a host material without destroying the crystal structure (Akira Yoshino 2012, 2–5). Lithium atoms were incorporated in the weakly bonded layers of these compounds forming intercalated compounds (non-metallic Li-based compounds). Although, intercalated lithium ion is slightly lower in energy density than pure lithium metal, it is safer. Both anode and cathode materials were made of lithium intercalated compounds such that lithium ions could intercalate and de-intercalate in the ...

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• Chapter 1 Lithium-Ion Batteries: From the Materials’ Perspective
• Chapter 2 Carbon Derivatives in Performance Improvement of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
• Chapter 3 Current Status and Trends in Spinel Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery
• Chapter 4 Zinc Anode in Hydrodynamically Enhanced Aqueous Battery Systems
• Chapter 5 Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Devices
• Chapter 6 Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, or I): A Family of Li-Rich Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Battery
• Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Usage of Cobalt Oxide Nanomaterials as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
• Chapter 8 Recent Developments in Metal Ferrite Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
• Chapter 9 Advances in Nickel-Derived Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitor
• Chapter 10 The Place of Biomass-Based Electrode Materials in Next-Generation Energy Conversion and Storage
• Chapter 11 Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Graphene
• Chapter 12 Dual Performance of Fuel Cells as Efficient Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems
• Chapter 13 The Potential Role of Electrocatalysts in Electrofuels Generation and Fuel Cell Application
• Chapter 14 Reliability Study of Solar Photovoltaic Systems for Long-Term Use
• Chapter 15 Physical Methods to Fabricate TiO2 QDs for Optoelectronics Applications
• Chapter 16 Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method to Fabricate CdO Thin Films for TCO Applications
• Chapter 17 Photovoltaic Characteristics and Applications
• Chapter 18 Comparative Study of Different Dopants on the Structural and Optical Properties of Chemically Deposited Antimony Sulphide Thin Films
• Chapter 19 Research Progress in Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Bismuth Oxide
• Chapter 20 Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cell Applications
• Chapter 21 New Perovskite Materials for Solar Cell Applications
• Chapter 22 The Application of Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots to Emerging Optoelectronic Devices
• Chapter 23 Solar Cell Technology: Challenges and Progress
• Chapter 24 Stannate Materials for Solar Energy Applications
• Index