Handbook Of Biomimetics And Bioinspiration: Biologically-driven Engineering Of Materials, Processes, Devices, And Systems (In 3 Volumes)

Biologically-Driven Engineering of Materials, Processes, Devices, and Systems(In 3 Volumes)

Esmaiel Jabbari, Deok-Ho Kim, Luke P Lee, Amir Ghaemmaghami, Ali Khademhosseini

• Verlag: WSPC
• Jahr: 2014
• ISBN:
  9789814520270
• Thema: Tecnología e ingeniería
• Thema: Ciencias biomédicas

Global warming, pollution, food and water shortage, cyberspace insecurity, over-population, land erosion, and an overburdened health care system are major issues facing the human race and our planet. These challenges have presented a mandate to develop “natural” or “green” technologies using nature and the living system as a guide to rationally design processes, devices, and systems. This approach has given rise to a new paradigm, one in which innovation goes hand-in-hand with less waste, less pollution, and less invasiveness to life on earth. Bioinspiration has also led to the development of technologies that mimic the hierarchical complexity of biological systems, leading to novel highly efficient, more reliable multifunctional materials, devices, and systems that can perform multiple tasks at one time. This multi-volume handbook focuses on the application of biomimetics and bioinspiration in medicine and engineering to produce miniaturized multi-functional materials, devices, and systems to perform complex tasks. Our understanding of complex biological systems at different length scales has increased dramatically as our ability to observe nature has expanded from macro to molecular scale, leading to the rational biologically-driven design to find solution to technological problems in medicine and engineering.

The following three-volume set covers the fields of bioinspired materials, electromechanical systems developed from concepts inspired by nature, and tissue models respectively.

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• Volume 1: Bioinspired Materials
• Volume 2: Electromechanical Systems
• Volume 3: Tissue Models

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The first volume focuses on the rational design of nano- and micro-structured hierarchical materials inspired by the relevant characteristics in living systems, such as the self-cleaning ability of lotus leaves and cicadas' wings; the superior walking ability of water striders; the anti-fogging function of mosquitoes' eyes; the water-collecting ability of Namib Desert Beetles and spider silk; the high adhesivity of geckos' feet and rose petals; the high adhesivity of mussels in wet aquatic environments; the anisotropic wetting of butterflies' wings; the anti-reflection capabilities of cicadas' wings; the self-cleaning functionality of fish scales; shape anisotropy of intracellular particles; the dielectric properties of muscles; the light spectral characteristics of plant leaves; the regeneration and self-healing ability of earthworms; the self-repairing ability of lotus leaves; the broadband reflectivity of moths' eyes; the multivalent binding, self-assembly and responsiveness of cellular systems; the biomineral formation in bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates; the multi-layer structure of skin; the organization of tissue fibers; DNA structures with metal-mediated artificial base pairs; and the anisotropic microstructure of jellyfish mesogloea. In this volume, sensor and microfluidic technologies combined with surface patterning are explored for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. The high throughput combinatorial testing of biomaterials in regenerative medicine is also covered.

The second volume presents nature-oriented studies and developments in the field of electromechanical devices and systems. These include actuators and robots based on the movement of muscles, algal antenna and photoreception; the non-imaging light sensing system of sea stars; the optical system of insect ocellus; smart nanochannels and pumps in cell membranes; neuromuscular and sensory devices that mimic the architecture of peripheral nervous system; olfaction-based odor sensing; cilia-mimetic microfluidic systems; the infrared sensory system of pyrophilous insects; ecologically inspired multizone temperature control systems; cochlea and surface acoustic wave resonators; crickets' cercal system and flow sensing abilities; locusts' wings and flapping micro air vehicles; the visual motion sensing of flying insects; hearing aid devices based on the human cochlea; the geometric perception of tortoises and pigeons; the organic matter sensing capability of cats and dogs; and the silent flight of rats.

The third volume features engineered models of biological tissues. These include engineered matrices to mimic cancer stem cell niches; in vitro models for bone regeneration; models of muscle tissue that enable the study of cardiac infarction and myopathy; 3D models for the differentiation of embryonic stem cells; bioreactors for in vitro cultivation of mammalian cells; human lung, liver and heart tissue models; topographically-defined cell culture models; ECM mimetic tissue printing; biomimetic constructs for regeneration of soft tissues; and engineered constructs for the regeneration of musculoskeletal and corneal tissue.

This three-volume set is a must-have for anyone keen to understand the complexity of biological systems and how that complexity can be mimicked to engineer novel materials, devices and systems to solve pressing technological challenges of the twenty-first century.

Key Features:

• The only handbook that covers all aspects of biomimetics and bioinspiration, including materials, mechanics, signaling and informatics
• Contains 248 colored figures

Contents:

• Bioinspired Materials:
  • Bioinspired Fabrication of Nanostructures from Tissue Slices (Kyle Alberti and Qiaobing Xu)
  • Bioinspired Artificial Muscles Based on Dielectric Elastomers (Federico Carpi)
  • Bioinspired Engineering of Multifunctional Devices (Ryan M Pearson, Ja Hye Myung and Seungpyo Hong)
  • Bioinspired Self-Cleaning Antireflection Coatings (Khalid Askar, Blayne M Phillips, Bin Jiang and Peng Jiang)
  • Anisotropic Biomimetic Particle Delivery Systems (Stephen C Balmert and Steven R Little)
  • Biomimetic Approaches to Peripheral Neuroprosthetic Interfaces (Shawn M Dirk, Patrick Lin, Stephen Buerger, Kirsten N Cicotte, Gregory P Reece and Elizabeth Hedberg-Dirk)
  • Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surfaces (Mariana B Oliveira and João F Mano)
  • Clinical Applications of Bioinspired Artificial Dermis (Katsuya Kawai, Naoki Morimoto and Shigehiko Suzuki)
  • Contributions of Collagen and Elastin to Mechanobiology of Arteries (Yanhang Zhang and Ming-Jay Chow)
  • DNA Inspired Self-Assembled Metal Arrays (Yusuke Takezawa and Mitsuhiko Shionoya)
  • Jellyfish Inspired Hybrid Hygrogels (Huiliang Wang)
  • Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Biomaterials (Kyuri Kim, Seonki Hong and Haeshin Lee)
  • Biomimetic Protamine-Templated Silicification (Yanjun Jiang, Lei Zhang, Jiafu Shi, Jian Li, Dong Yang and Zhongyi Jiang)
  • Bionic Materials Based on Spectral Characteristics of Plant Leaves (Biru Hu, Zhiming Liu, Yunqiu Li and Wenjian Wu)
  • Bioinspired Design of Super-Antiwetting Interfaces (Dongliang Tian and Lei Jiang)
  • Bioinspired Self-Healing Coatings (Xu Wang, Yang Li and Junqi Sun)
• Electromechanical Systems:
  • Bioinspired Design of Peripheral Nerve Devices (Sameer B Shah)
  • Bioinspired Artificial Muscles and Robots (Il-Kwon Oh and Choonghee Jo)
  • Biomimetic Materials and Multivariate Approach to Odor Sensing (Takamichi Nakamoto and Bartosz Wyszynski)
  • Biomimetic Cilia (Jae-Hyun Chung, Tae-Rin Lee and Wing Kam Liu)
  • Infrared Sensors Inspired by Pyrophilous Insects (Herbert Bousack, Helmut Soltner, David Klocke and Helmut Schmitz)
  • Insect Inspired Visual Motion Sensing and Flying Robots (Thibaut Raharijaona, Lubin Kerhuel, Julien Serres, Frédéric Roubieu, Fabien Expert, Stéphane Viollet, Franck Ruffier and Nicolas Franceschini)
  • Insect-Inspired Micro Air Vehicles (Rajeev Kumar, Ryan Randall, Dima Silin and Sergey V Shkarayev)
  • Microfabricated Auditory System Mimicking Human Cochlea (Hongsoo Choi, Jeong Hun Jang and Won Joon Song)
  • Olfactory and Geomagnetic Perception Inspired Bionic Sensing (Yahui Man, Weisong Pan, Yan Liu, Xianli Du and Wenjian Wu)
  • Owl Inspired Silent Flight (Thomas Bachmann and Andrea Winzen)
  • The Cochlea, Surface Acoustic Waves, and Resonance (Andrew Bell)
  • Bioinspired Smart Nanochannels (Wei Guo and Lei Jiang)
  • Bioinspired Non-Imaging Optics (Jaeyoun Kim)
  • Biomimetic Multizone Temperature Control (Andrés Pantoja, Nicanor Quijano and Germán Obando)
  • Hair-Based Flow-Sensing Inspired by the Cricket Cercal System (G J M Krijnen, H Droogendijk, T Steinmann, A Dagamseh, R K Jaganatharaja and J Casas)
  • Mechanics-Related Bioinspired Optimization (Xiang Feng, Francis C M Lau and Huiqun Yu)
• Tissue Models:
  • Bioinspired Cell Culture Bioreactors (Matteo Moretti, Chiara Arrigoni, Arianna Lovati and Giuseppe Talò)
  • Bioinspired Materials for Bone Regenerative Engineering (Roshan James, Meng Deng, Sangamesh G Kumbar and Cato T Laurencin)
  • Bioinspired Muscle Tissue Devices (Toshinori Fujie, Serge Ostrovidov, Samad Ahadian, S Prakash Parthiban, Ali Khademhosseini and Hirokazu Kaji)
  • Biomimetic 3D Tissue Printing (Falguni Pati, Joydip Kundu, Jin-Hyung Shim and Dong-Woo Cho)
  • Biomimetic Human Lung Models (Helen C Harrington, Paul A Cato and Amir M Ghaemmaghami)
  • Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Regeneration (Alexander J Hodge, Petra Kerscher, David A Dunn and Elizabeth A Lipke)
  • Biomimetic Regeneration of Corneal Tissue (Li Buay Koh, Kimberley Merrett, Rodolfo Adrian Elizondo and May Griffith)
  • Biomimetic Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering (Brandon W Engebretson and Vassilios I Sikavitsas)
  • Biomimetic Regeneration of Soft Tissues (Mason J Burger, Tajila Mullahkhel, Ian C McPhee, Benjie R Pease, Michael P H Lau and Leonard F Pease III)
  • Bioinspired Nanotopographically-Defined Cell Culture Models (Julie Antetomaso, Alex Jiao, Krystal Gauthier-Bell and Deok-Ho Kim)
  • Bioinspired Liver Tissue Engineering (Astrid Herrero, Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin and Martine Daujat-Chavanieu)
  • Bioinspired 3D Scaffold for Inducing Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells (Sha Jin, Xiuli Wang, Weiwei Wang and Kaiming Ye)
  • Bioinspired Engineered Matrix to Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Niche (Esmaiel Jabbari)

Readership: Undergraduate and graduate students studying bioengineering, and researchers, engineers, chemists, biologists, physicists, material scientists and physicians.

Chapter 1

BIOINSPIRED FABRICATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES FROM TISSUE SLICES

Kyle Alberti and Qiaobing Xu *
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University,
4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155
*[email protected]

This chapter discusses the processes and techniques used in creating several types of nanofeatured structures from natural, tendon-derived collagen fibers. These structures are created from thin sections of the collagen material that maintain the native structure of the collagen fibers. Using metal salt staining, replica molding or a stacking and rolling process, a variety of nanostructured constructs were created without the need of advanced fabrication facilities such as clean rooms.

1.Introduction

Sectioning by microtomy is a process we have utilized to create thin sections of natural materials that contain nanofeatures. We have based this on the technique of nanoskiving, a process developed by the Whitesides group.^1–7 Nanoskiving is the process of creating arrays of structures on the nanoscale. Briefly, nanoskiving involves creating ∼30 nm–10 µm thick sections using an ultramicrotome from a topographically patterned polymer stamp that has been coated with a thin film and embedded in an epoxy. Taking cross-sections using the microtome generates nanofeatures based on the original patterned stamp and the polymer as well as the embedding epoxy can be etched away using oxygen plasma. This process can be used to both generate and replicate features, similar to more conventional techniques such as photo- and electron-beam lithographies. Nanoskiving has been reviewed in depth by Xu¹ and Lipomi,⁵ from which readers can find details about this technique.

There are a number of benefits in using such a technique when compared to lithography.^8–10 Traditional techniques for the fabrication of surfaces with nanotopographies such as photon- and electron-based lithography, soft imprint lithography and assembly nanopatterning require expensive facilities and equipments such as clean rooms and users must have sufficient expertise to use them. Nanoskiving is a simple and low cost alternative to generate nanoscale features that has the potential to be applied to a wider variety of substrates, such as organic materials.

Considering that, we have adapted nanoskiving for use with natural material such as tissue, to create materials with nanostructures. This will retain the benefits found in nanoskiving such as no need for clean room facilities; however, it also adds beneficial aspects of natural tissues. We chose to look into these materials as they are: biocompatiable which can be of a great benefit for biomedical applications, low cost, renewable materials which makes this technology more accessible, and diverse in structure allowing for great variation.

Nature serves as an excellent source of inspiration in the design of materials for numerous biomedical applications. The scale and complexity of structures developed through billions of years of evolution are hard to match from an engineering standpoint; however, they can often be used as biomaterials. A common feature of many nature-derived biomaterials is their well-organized micro or nanostructures. For example, moth eyes consist of many subwavelength structures that provide antireflection coatings mimicked with silicon technology,¹¹ and the structures in butterfly wings have been replicated to create photonic structures.¹² Diatoms have well-organized silica structures whose production has been used as an inspiration for creating additional nanostructures.^13,14 Two additional sources of nanofeatures are muscle, that has myofibrils on the nano to micro scale composed of actin and myosin filaments, and tendon, which has fibrils composed of triple helical collagen.

In this chapter, we will primarily discuss the processes and applications surrounding the use of tendon-derived collagen fibers. Type I collagen that we commonly use is a coiled-coil structure composed of several levels of triple helices. The gross collagen fiber is composed of collagen fibrils that are themselves composed of tropocollagen molecules. These tropocollagen chains form a triple helix with a 30^° offset of each subsequent chain, with that chain going into the center of the superhelix.¹⁵ This allows intra-chain cross-links to form, providing collagen with its characteristic strength. These tropocollagen molecules are approximately 300 nm long and 1.5 nm wide with an approximate molecular weight of 300 kDa.^16,17 They comprise two alpha-1, and one alpha-2 collagen chains that wrap around each other with a left-handed twist, linked to each other by both covalent and hydrogen bonds.¹⁵ The helices in the collagen along with the staggered offset in the tropocollagen fibers is what causes the characteristic banding pattern observed in collagen.

It is also these features observed in native collagen that we seek to preserve in this process and what makes it novel. Collagen has been used as a biomaterial for an array of applications ranging from scaffolds for tissue engineering or bone repair,¹⁸ to drug delivery as microcarriers¹⁹ or hydrogels.²⁰ Collagen isolated from animal tissue is usually solubilized using either acidic or enzymatic steps due to fibrillar collagens’ insolubility in water. The processes used to isolate these materials have many variations but normally result in the degradation of the native helical structure and the highly aligned fiber orientation as well as a reduction in its mechanical strength.^21,22 Sectioning of collagen following removal of the cellular components leaves the native structure intact and preserves the mechanical properties.

2.Tissue Processing and Skiving

2.1.Decellularizing

Thorough decellularization of natural materials such as tendon is a key step in processing. The presence of residual cells on the material could cause a number of problems downstream. In applications that use the collagen as a scaffold such as tissue engineering they could cause a detrimental cellular response, particularly if the scaffold was implanted in vivo. If the material were to be used as a platform for staining and etching of metals, the cells could disrupt the highly organized patterning that normally occurs.

We began the process by taking a bovine Achilles tendon sourced from a local butcher (see Fig. 1A) and cutting it into small squares of various sizes depending on the desired application (see Figs. 1B and 1C). Thickness of squares was maintained at roughly 1–2 mm to ensure complete decellularization, and care was taken to avoid irregularities in the samples that could lead to weakness and reduced fiber alignment. Several other sources of tendon were explored including rat tail tendon, which was limited in size and source material available, and bovine neck tendon, which had reduced fiber alignment compared to the bovine Achilles tendon.

In order to decellularize the tendon, we use a process developed by Cartmell and Dunn.²³ They experimented with the detergents SDS and tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) at varying concentrations and time scales to remove the cells from a piece of tendon for the purposes of an anterior cruciate ligament allograft. They were able to achieve 88% and 91% cellular removal using SDS for a period of 24 h and 48 h respectively and only 84% following 72 h with TBP.²³ Following these results, we used a 1% SDS solution in a Tris-HCl buffer and EDTA to decellularized tendon sections over 48 h, refreshing the solution every 24 h. Following this process, the tendon sections are rinsed thoroughly in double distilled H₂O (ddH₂O) and kept in PBS at 4^°C until use.

Fig. 1.Steps in the decellularization process: small, 15×15×2 mm blocks are removed from the (A) bovine Achilles tendon, (B) immersed in an 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution for 48 h and rinsed in diH₂O for 24 h to remove any residual SDS, leaving a block that is (C) primarily collagen.

2.2.Sectioning tools

We have used several methods of sectioning on the tendon depending on the desired application including ultramicrotome, rotary microtome and cryomicrotome (see Fig. 2A). Ultramicrotomes are commonly used to prepare samples for the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while rotary microtomes and cryomicrotomes are often used to prepare biological tissue for observation under an optical microscope. Most biological tissues are too soft to cut, so they are either frozen and sectioned in a cryostat, or embedded in a hardening material like paraffin or resin and sectioned using a sliding microtome, a rotary microtome, or an ultramicrotome.

Ultramicrotomes enable the generation of sections with thicknesses in the range of 30 nm to a few microns²⁴ but are commonly used to produce sections with thicknesses of <100 nm. Ultramicrotomy enables microstructural analysis not only of biological specimens, but of inorganic materials as well. It is the primary method for the preparation of polymeric samples for TEM. Knives are commonly made either from glass or from high-quality, natural diamond. Many thermal-curable cross-linked epoxy resins, such as Alradite 502, Epon-Fix (Electron Microscopy Sciences), etc., have the right mechanical properties and are commonly used as an embedding medium for ultramicrotomy at ambient temperatures. Ultramicrotomy however, only allows the generation of sections with a surface area about 2 × 2 mm.

Fig. 2.(A) This illustration depicts the typical cutting setup employed in a cryomicrotome. A sample holder (1) holds a block of decellularized tendon (2). A knife blade (3) positioned at an angle to the tendon block slices off thin sections. Following each slice, the sample holder progresses forward by the desired thickness and the sample is collected on the stage platform (4). (B) Stacks of dried collagen sheets produced with a cryomicrotome, and (C) scanning electron micrograph of the highly aligned collagen fibers retained following sectioning.

A rotary histological microtome is o...

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Cover Page
• Title
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• About the Editors
• About the Contributors
• 1. Bioinspired Fabrication of Nanostructures from Tissue Slices
• 2. Bioinspired Artificial Muscles Based on Dielectric Elastomers
• 3. Bioinspired Engineering of Multifunctional Devices
• 4. Bioinspired Self-Cleaning Antireflection Coatings
• 5. Anisotropic Biomimetic Particle Delivery Systems
• 6. Biomimetic Approaches to Peripheral Neuroprosthetic Interfaces
• 7. Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Surfaces
• 8. Clinical Applications of Bioinspired Artificial Dermis
• 9. Contributions of Collagen and Elastin to Mechanobiology of Arteries
• 10. DNA Inspired Self-Assembled Metal Arrays
• 11. Jellyfish Inspired Hybrid Hygrogels
• 12. Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Biomaterials
• 13. Biomimetic Protamine-Templated Silicification
• 14. Bionic Materials Based on Spectral Characteristics of Plant Leaves
• 15. Bioinspired Design of Super-Antiwetting Interfaces
• 16. Bioinspired Self-Healing Coatings
• Index
• Cover Page 2
• Title 2
• Copyright 2
• Preface 2
• Contents 2
• About the Editors 2
• About the Contributors 2
• 17. Bioinspired Design of Peripheral Nerve Devices
• 18. Bioinspired Artificial Muscles and Robots
• 19. Biomimetic Materials and Multivariate Approach to Odor Sensing
• 20. Biomimetic Cilia
• 21. Infrared Sensors Inspired by Pyrophilous Insects
• 22. Insect Inspired Visual Motion Sensing and Flying Robots
• 23. Insect-Inspired Micro Air Vehicles
• 24. Microfabricated Auditory System Mimicking Human Cochlea
• 25. Olfactory and Geomagnetic Perception Inspired Bionic Sensing
• 26. Owl Inspired Silent Flight
• 27. The Cochlea, Surface Acoustic Waves, and Resonance
• 28. Bioinspired Smart Nanochannels
• 29. Bioinspired Non-Imaging Optics
• 30. Biomimetic Multizone Temperature Control
• 31. Hair-Based Flow-Sensing Inspired by the Cricket Cercal System
• 32. Mechanics-Related Bioinspired Optimization
• Index
• Cover Page 3
• Title 3
• Copyright 3
• Preface 3
• Contents 3
• About the Editors 3
• About the Contributors 3
• 33. Bioinspired Cell Culture Bioreactors
• 34. Bioinspired Materials for Bone Regenerative Engineering
• 35. Bioinspired Muscle Tissue Devices
• 36. Biomimetic 3D Tissue Printing
• 37. Biomimetic Human Lung Models
• 38. Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Regeneration
• 39. Biomimetic Regeneration of Corneal Tissue
• 40. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering
• 41. Biomimetic Regeneration of Soft Tissues
• 42. Bioinspired Nanotopographically-Defined Cell Culture Models
• 43. Bioinspired Liver Tissue Engineering
• 44. Bioinspired 3D Scaffold for Inducing Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
• 45. Bioinspired Engineered Matrix to Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Niche
• Index