Lean Computing for the Cloud

Eric Bauer

• Editorial: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Año: 2016
• ISBN:
  9781119232322
• Edición: 1
• Categoría: Informatique
• Categoría: Réseaux informatiques

Applies lean manufacturing principles across the cloud service delivery chain to enable application and infrastructure service providers to sustainably achieve the shortest lead time, best quality, and value

• Applies lean thinking across the cloud service delivery chain to recognize and minimize waste
• Leverages lessons learned from electric power industry operations to operations of cloud infrastructure
• Applies insights from just-in-time inventory management to operation of cloud based applications
• Explains how traditional, Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) and Enhanced Telecom Operation Map (eTOM) capacity management evolves to lean computing for the cloud

CHAPTER 1
Basics

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Upon completion of this chapter the reader will understand:

1. The standard definition, characteristics, and benefits of cloud computing
2. The key roles in the cloud computing ecosystem
3. Key concepts of application, demand, supply, quality, and fungibility

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This section reviews the following key concepts that are used extensively in this work:

• Cloud computing fundamentals (Section 1.1)
• Roles in cloud computing (Section 1.2)
• Applications (Section 1.3)
• Demand, supply, capacity, and fungibility (Section 1.4)
• Demand variability (Section 1.5)

1.1 Cloud Computing Fundamentals

Cloud computing is defined by ISO/IEC 17788¹ as a “paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand.” ISO/IEC 17788 specifies the following six key characteristics of cloud computing²:

1. Broad network access – “A feature where the physical and virtual resources are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous client platforms. The focus of this key characteristic is that cloud computing offers an increased level of convenience in that users can access physical and virtual resources from wherever they need to work, as long as it is network accessible, using a wide variety of clients including devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations” (ISO/IEC 17788). Operationally, this means that end users access cloud-based application services via commonly available wireless and wireline IP networks.
2. Measured service – “A feature where the metered delivery of cloud services is such that usage can be monitored, controlled, reported, and billed… The focus of this key characteristic is that the customer may only pay for the resources that they use. From the customers' perspective, cloud computing offers the users value by enabling a switch from a low efficiency and asset utilization business model to a high efficiency one” (ISO/IEC 17788). When cloud customers pay only for resources that are used, application services that are engineered so cloud resource usage tracks with application service usage which tracks with application revenue can reduce business risk by better linking application service provider's costs with application service revenues.
3. Multi-tenancy – “A feature where physical or virtual resources are allocated in such a way that multiple tenants and their computations and data are isolated from and inaccessible to one another” (ISO/IEC 17788). Multi-tenancy enables infrastructure service providers to maximize resource sharing and boost their capacity utilization.
4. On-demand self-service – “A feature where a cloud service customer can provision computing capabilities, as needed, automatically or with minimal interaction with the cloud service provider. The focus of this key characteristic is that cloud computing offers users a relative reduction in costs, time, and effort needed to take an action, since it grants the user the ability to do what they need, when they need it, without requiring additional human user interactions or overhead” (ISO/IEC 17788). This means that application service providers and/or automated systems working on behalf of those application operators can install, configure, and provision cloud resources to serve their applications in real time. On-demand self-service of capacity planning and fulfillment actions, coupled with rapid elasticity, enables significant reductions in fulfillment times for capacity change actions compared to traditional deployments.
5. Rapid elasticity and scalability – “A feature where physical or virtual resources can be rapidly and elastically adjusted, in some cases automatically, to quickly increase or decrease resources. For the cloud service customer, the physical or virtual resources available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time automatically, subject to constraints of service agreements. Therefore, the focus of this key characteristic is that cloud computing means that the customers no longer need to worry about limited resources and might not need to worry about capacity planning” (ISO/IEC 17788). Application service providers and/or automated systems working on their behalf can allocate and release infrastructure resources on-the-fly, thereby enabling applications to transform from allocating and configuring capacity based on peak forecast demand (which may never even be approached) to just-in-time, demand-driven capacity configuration.
6. Resource pooling – “A feature where a cloud service provider's physical or virtual resources can be aggregated in order to serve one or more cloud service customers… From the customer's perspective, all they know is that the service works, while they generally have no control or knowledge over how the resources are being provided or where the resources are located. This offloads some of the customer's original workload, such as maintenance requirements, to the provider” (ISO/IEC 17788). Resource pooling, coupled with multi-tenancy, enables cloud service providers (CSPs) to leverage economies of scale to boost operational efficiencies beyond what has traditionally been feasible.

Figure 1.1 offers a simplified view of cloud computing: many different applications simultaneously share a large and flexibly configured pool of compute, memory, storage, networking, and functional component resources offered by a CSP. Coupling on-demand self-service and rapid elasticity enables application service providers to fundamentally transform their businesses from configuring application capacity to meet peak forecast demand to just-in-time, demand-driven capacity management. Using measured service as the basis of charging application service providers for their resource usage enables at least a portion of the application provider's costs to shift from being fixed and independent of usage to variable so that resource charges are tied to resource usage, which is tied to application service usage, which should be tied to application revenue.

Figure 1.1 Cloud Computing in a Nutshell

Figure 1.2 visualizes key high-level business benefits of cloud computing:

1. Lower infrastructure CapEx – the peak aggregate demand for compute, storage, and networking resources is smaller than the sum of peak demand of each individual application. Infrastructu...