Domestic Waste

6 Key excerpts on "Domestic Waste"

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  eBook - ePub

  Zero Waste

  Management Practices for Environmental Sustainability

  • Ashok Rathoure, Ashok K. Rathoure(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Domestic Waste is generated due to various household activities. It includes paper, glass bottles and broken pieces of glass, plastics, cloth rags, kitchen waste, garden litter, cans and so forth. Kitchen waste includes waste food, peels of fruits and vegetables and ashes due to the burning of wood, coal or cow-dung cakes. Domestic Waste is classified into subsequent types:

  1. Garbage includes peels of fruit and vegetables, leftover food articles, garden litter and so forth. It is organic in nature and might biodegrade quickly.
  2. Rubbish includes waste paper, glass and pottery pieces, plastic goods, rubber goods, polythene bags, cloth rags and so forth. These are mostly inorganic in nature.
  3. Ash is the main source of solid Domestic Waste, which is generated due to the burning of wood, coal and dung cakes in the kitchen.
  4. Sewage includes the wastewater from kitchen and bathrooms.

  Domestic Waste is often seen lying in the streets and along the roads in heaps. This makes the environment unhygienic and it may be the breeding ground for mosquitoes and other different harmful organisms.

  1.1.2.2 Industrial Waste

  Almost all kinds of industries use raw materials to manufacture finished expendable goods. In this method any leftover material, which is of no use, is called industrial waste. It includes general plant rubbish, packaging waste, demolition and construction waste, damaged parts of machines and tools and so forth. This can cause toxicity within the air, water and soil. It is harmful to human beings and the environment. The waste generated by a number of industries is given below:

  1. The mining and other metallurgical type industries generate ash from coal, rocks of no value, furnace slag, metallic waste and so forth.
  2. The chemical industries generate harmful chemicals like acids, toxic gases, oils, alkalis, and many types of synthetic materials.
  3. The waste material from oil refineries and petrochemical industries are petroleum gases, hydrocarbons, oils and other toxic organic chemicals.
  4. The cement factories generate suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the form of coarse and fine particles which can pollute the air and cause respiratory disorders.
  5. The waste from the industries of cellulose fibre, paper scraps, bleaching powder, alkalis and so forth. About 40% wood or bamboo used in the production of paper generally goes to waste.

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  eBook - ePub

  Planning, Housing and Infrastructure for Smart Villages

  • Hemanta Doloi, Ray Green, Sally Donovan(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  7    Waste Introduction

  While none of the Millennium or Sustainable Development Goals explicitly addresses the management of waste, improved waste treatment could positively affect many different aspects of rural life. Currently, in many developing rural communities waste is either left untreated in piles sometimes on dry land and sometimes in waterways, or treated through open burning (Mihai & Ingrao, 2018). Both of these have the potential to cause significant environmental damage and pose a hazard to human health. Conversely, if treated appropriately “waste” has the potential to become a valuable resource contributing to income generation and offsetting the use of virgin resources to create products and generate energy.

  Determining the most appropriate way to collect and treat waste depends on its composition. The World Bank reports that the composition of a country’s solid waste is directly related to its GDP as shown in Table 7.1 . In all but the highest income countries, organics make up the majority of the waste stream. In rural areas this increases to as much as 80 per cent of the total waste stream (Mohee, 2007).

  Waste disposal options are generally presented in order of preference following a principle known as the waste hierarchy as shown in Figure 7.1 . The hierarchy appears in many different forms from all over the world, but they are all basically the same. The version presented here is based on the European Union 2008 directive (Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2008).

  Table 7.1   Current estimates of waste composition by income level

  Reference: Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012

  Figure 7.1   Hierarchy of waste disposal processes

  •    Prevention – covers various options such as replacing disposable products with reusable ones for example using plastic crates to transport goods instead of cardboard boxes. It can also refer to using an alternative product for example reading news online instead of buying a newspaper.

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  eBook - ePub

  Environmental Engineering

  Fundamentals and Applications

  • Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  As the name implies, this includes things that can be recycled or reused. In Indian conditions, pickers usually segregate this type of waste from dumps and waste containers. Paper, cardboard and bottles are usually separated by householders and sold to the recyclers. Though it was not planned by the local government, a large amount of waste is recycled. This is one of the reasons why in developing countries such as India, the per capita waste ending up at landfill is 20–25% of that in countries like the US and Canada. However, single-use plastic is causing significant problems. In addition to littering the streets, it plugs storm sewer inlets and sewer manholes, making drainage worse during the rainfall season.

  It should be noted that recycling is gaining momentum in developed countries. Homeowners segregate different types of wastes and put them in separate containers usually supplied by the municipality. Recyclable materials are placed in blue and grey bins and organic materials in green bins. General waste and recycled waste is collected by different trucks. Recycling has become so common that in many cities in the US and Canada, the frequency of collection of recycling waste is weekly, while garbage pickup has been reduced to biweekly.

  34.1.2 Biodegradable Waste

  Paper (which can also be recycled), food and kitchen waste, and green waste (flower, vegetables, fruits, leaves, etc.) fall into this category. A large portion of this waste can be composted, thus reducing the amount ending up at the landfill. At the landfill, this type of waste biodegrades under anaerobic conditions and produce methane, which can be used as an energy source.

  Inert waste comprises dirt, rocks, construction and demolition waste. It is mostly inorganic and hence not biodegradable. Composite wastes include tetra packs and waste plastics such as toys and clothing.

  34.1.3 Household Waste

  Household waste consists of vegetable and animal waste matter, ashes, cinders, rubbish, and debris from cleaning and the demolition of structures arising from residential units.

  34.1.4 Domestic Hazardous Waste

  Being hazardous, this type of waste should not be part of municipal solid waste. However, due to ignorance, negligence and lack of regulation, especially in developing countries, it mostly ends up at the sanitary landfill. Domestic hazardous waste includes electronic articles, medication, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, shoe polish, chemicals, paints, batteries, fertilizers and pesticide containers, spray cans, etc.

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  Urban Mining for Waste Management and Resource Recovery

  Sustainable Approaches

  • Pankaj Pathak, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Pankaj Pathak, Prangya Ranjan Rout(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  http:/​/​census2011.co.in ). Delhi is also a commercial hub, providing employment opportunities and accelerating the pace of urbanization, resulting in increase in MSW generation. Improper and non-organized management of solid waste creates undesirable consequences such as disease transmissions, odor spreading, nuisance creation, atmospheric pollution, land contamination, water pollution, fire hazards, esthetical nuisance, and economic losses. The main challenge is managing the waste generated through rapid growth, more specifically in developing countries that lack the public service infrastructure to manage municipal waste. In recent years, we witnessed the trend of use and throw (disposable) consumables and this matter has contributed significantly to solid waste generation, and this unwanted matter has heavily impacted the environment, public health, and produce socio-economic problems. This precarious behavior needs to be thoroughly examined, and changed, so that a sustainable way of living can happen.

  In cities of developed countries, the cost of transportation of solid waste constitutes 50% of the total expenditure, whereas, in cities of developing countries, the same is 85–90% (Ghose et al., 2006 ; Lu et al., 2006 ; Karak et al., 2012 ). During this decade, it has been a challenge for the administrative authorities to optimize the resources meant for management of wastes in a city. Therefore, necessary improvements in the existing practice with better tracking system are required to provide an efficient waste management system that can optimize the routine work of MSW management to save the cost of expenditure and time of operation. Several studies in the past modeled the transportation paths of solid waste management to propose the routes of transfer and transport of waste from collection points from user ends to processing/recovery or disposal sites that can reduce the cost of hauling distance of transport vehicles (Apaydin and Gonullu, 2007 ; Karadimas et al., 2007 ; Liu, 2009 ; Aremu, 2013 ; Singh and Behera, 2019 ).

  The geographic information system (GIS) is a software-based platform, which allows its technical users to capture, store, manage, and analyze a large volume of spatially or geographical reference data collected from various sources with systematic and secured digitized archives (Ghose et al. 2006; Behera et al., 2011a ,b ). The GIS enables the reader and management personnel to visualize and interpret the data for better understanding of relationships and patterns with graphical representations of results in a user-friendly manner (Liu, 2009; Sanjeevi and Shahabudeen, 2016

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  Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry

  Principles of sustainable operations

  • Willy Legrand, Philip Sloan, Joseph S. Chen(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Construction waste (the largest component of solid waste production) is not included in municipal waste, nor is e-waste, for example. Municipal waste is ‘only part of the total waste generated (about 10 percent), but its management and treatment often represents more than one-third of public sector financial efforts to abate and control pollution’ (OECD, 2015, p. 48). The main issues related to the management (or mismanagement) of municipal waste are related to human health as well as the pressure on the environment in the form of soil and water contamination, air quality and land use. The growth of 19 percent in municipal waste generated by the OECD regions (34 countries – including Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States – are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) throughout the 1990s coincides with strong private consumption expenditures (+33%) and gross domestic product (+31%) (OECD, 2015). The “quantity of municipal waste generated [in 2013] exceeds an estimated 650 million tonnes” (OECD, 2015, p. 48) in OECD countries, representing roughly 520kg of waste produced per person per year. Depending on the level of urbanization, the population lifestyles and pattern of consumption, waste produced varies greatly. For example, “Europeans produce 130kg less waste than Americans, but 80kg more than people living in the OECD Asia-Oceania region” (OECD, 2015, p.48). When adding the waste stream from construction, demolition, mining and agriculture, each European creates 3.5 tonnes per year for a total of 1.8 billion tonnes of waste generated per year in Europe (EIONET, 2013). Cost and municipal waste management methods The ways to manage the municipal waste stream vary equally among countries and regions. Countries such as Canada, Chile and Mexico rely heavily (60 percent and up) on landfills as a way to treat solid waste

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  Exploring Food and Urbanism

  • Susan Parham, Matthew Hardy, Susan Parham, Matthew Hardy(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Similarly, a study of home gardens in Nicaragua found a visible presence of fruit trees and herbs, and the sale of home-grown commodities to neighbours (Méndez, Lok, and Somarriba 2001). The sharing of home-grown products and food exchanges were popular practices identified by WinklerPrins (2002) in Brazil and Walsh (2015) in Dublin. Alternatively, a study in Flanders found that 73% of the home-grown produce was for home consumption (Dewaelheyns et al. 2015). A recent study of the food-growing practices of migrants in the United Kingdom (UK) found a variety of traditional vegetables and herbs being produced in their home gardens for own consumption and sharing (Gerodetti and Foster 2016). This agrees with Dewaelheyns et al. (2015) findings that 73% of the respondents consumed their produce at home. In addition, the sharing of produce secures positive social networks among homeowners and those they share with (Walsh 2015).

  2.5 Domestic garden waste disposal

  With landfill sites filling up and incineration of waste no longer deemed viable, the disposal and management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a serious problem in Cape Town (CoCT 2011). Half of the items and material thrown away by households in CoCT could easily be recycled or reused; including organic waste1 (39%), paper (20%), plastics (18%), glass (11%), metals (7%) and builders’ rubble (5%) (DEA&DP cited in Collins and Mbebe 2013). Studies in Istanbul and Aarhus, Denmark have also indicated that garden waste is the main component of household waste (Boldrin, Anderson, and Christensen 2011; Orhan et al. 2016). Garden waste consists of a mixture of organic contents (e.g. grass clippings, flowers, branches) and inorganic (e.g. soil) content generated during the maintenance of domestic gardens (Boldrin, Anderson, and Christensen 2011).

  Increasing attention has been given to integrated waste management, which involves reducing, reusing and recycling strategies (CoCT 2011; CSIR 2011). Since landfill disposal is the main method used by CoCT to dispose MSW, reducing, reusing and recycling strategies have become vitally important. These strategies not only aid in reducing the amount of solid waste that has to be disposed of in landfill sites, but landfill space is saved and the environmental impacts of clearing new areas and destroying natural habitats to build new landfill sites are delayed (Davison 2010; CoCT, 2011). In addition, the amount of GHGs, particularly methane emitted from disposed and treated waste can be reduced.

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