Spread of Communism

7 Key excerpts on "Spread of Communism"

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  eBook - ePub

  Beyond Stalinism

  Communist Political Evolution

  • Ronald J. Hill(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Events over the last three years, from mid-1989, when communist rule in various countries of Eastern Europe began to collapse, to the end of 1991, when communist rule in the system’s progenitor, the Soviet Union, finally gave way to a market-oriented and proto-democratic system of government, appear to bear out Zbigniew Brzezinski’s identification of ‘the birth and death of communism in the twentieth century’. 1 Nevertheless, the very term ‘communism’ covers a variety of forms and experiences, conceptually linked in their practical application by Leninism (implying specifically abhorrence of spontaneity, and its replacement by societal guidance by a vanguard party), but in their turn inspired by and in some measure different from the communism of Marx’s and Engels’s theory. As a guiding philosophy, communism – Marxism, Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism, Mao Zedong Thought, Kimil-sungism, Fidelismo, Eurocommunism, call it what you will – is characterized by an impressive adaptability. This has made it applicable in widely varying societies and cultures, where an uneasy ‘fit’ has led to marked successes in some areas of human endeavour, and dismal failure in others – and has more often than not entailed significant levels of human suffering as convinced communists have striven to make the society compatible with their interpretation of the theory

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  Marx: A Complete Introduction: Teach Yourself

  • Gill Hands(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Teach Yourself

    (Publisher)

  8 Marxism after Marx – ideas that changed the world

  In this chapter you will learn:

  •   about the spread of Marxist thought

  •   how socialism developed away from communism

  •   what led to revolution in Russia and China

  •   about the Cold War

  •   about the decline of communism

  Marxism is a term that can be used in a number of different ways. It is used to describe political systems where the ideas of Marx are allegedly put into practice. It is also used to describe social, philosophical and political theories based on the ideas of Marx. Marx died over a century ago and his ideas have been discussed and have evolved in many different forms since then. Many branches of Marxist thought have developed throughout the world and schools of Marxism have flourished in academic circles. In this chapter, I will be looking at the way that Marx’s ideas spread around the world and influenced political systems. The development of communism as a political system, beginning with the Russian Revolution of 1918, led to Marx’s ideas becoming a major driving force in the history of the twentieth century. They were also a major part of the early socialist movement, which developed out of the labour movement.

  In addition to his few books, Marx wrote numerous articles, pamphlets and speeches, many of which were not published until after his death. Because of the vast body of his work and its complexity, it is easy for people to interpret his ideas in their own way and claim that their interpretation is the ‘true’ meaning of Marxism. In some ways it is similar to interpretation of the Bible; there are many kinds of churches that call themselves Christian but they all have their own ways of worshipping God and many believe that their way is the ‘right’ way. Many different regimes call themselves Marxist or communist, but they do not necessarily have similar ideologies or political systems. In fact, they may well have very little in common with the original ideas of Marx, except for the use of his name. In a letter to Eduard Bernstein in 1882 Engels claimed that Marx was puzzled by the misinterpretations of ideas, and had once said, ‘If anything is certain I am not a Marxist.’

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  Was Communism Doomed?

  Human Nature, Psychology and the Communist Economy

  • Simon Kemp(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Palgrave Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  The chapter begins with a brief account of communism up to about 1960, focussing mainly on how communist governments arose, particularly in Russia. Then the nature of communist economies in the 1960s and 1970s is outlined, with the major object of explaining how the centrally planned economy actually functioned in practice. As a kind of case study of a communist industry, Russian and Soviet agriculture is considered in a section of its own. This is less because agriculture was a typical communist industry—in fact, it was atypical and unusually dysfunctional—than because it was one that often worried communist leaders themselves. The collapse of communist governments in the USSR and Eastern Europe in the period 1989–1991 is reviewed, with some emphasis on why the collapses occurred. The chapter concludes with a short history of communism in China and Cuba, which are still ruled by communist parties.

  Political History of Communism up to 1960

  The various communist states that appeared in the twentieth century all owed their origin to the economic theory put forward by Karl Marx, particularly in Capital . Marx saw communism as the end point of a series of historical changes in which changes to technology and education affected the way that people interacted with their environment. This theory implied that communism would emerge first in advanced industrial countries, particularly Britain, and then spread to less developed countries. Thus, the fact that a party with a commitment to Marxist theory first came to power in Russia caused some embarrassment to those holding the theory.

  In the early part of the twentieth century, Russia had industrialised rapidly and achieved impressive economic growth rates. However, the industrial work force in 1917 was considerably outnumbered by the peasantry. The strains and casualties produced by World War 1, in which Russian armies were regularly defeated by the Germans (although not by the Austrians), coupled with some dubious military and political decisions by Tsar Nicholas II and a history of revolutionary discontent, led to the fall of the Tsar’s government in February 1917.2

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  Communism

  • Mark Sandle(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 5 The rise and fall of global communism DOI: 10.4324/9781315836119-5

  Introduction

  The USSR proclaimed it was embarking on a mission to make the whole world communist. After defeating the fascist threat in the Great Patriotic War 1941–45, the world gradually began to turn Red. Starting in Eastern Europe after 1945, states in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America joined the communist bloc and took sides in the global conflict between capitalism and communism. Initially, the new communist states accepted the leadership and hegemony of the USSR. They modelled themselves very closely on the pattern of economic transformation, social structure and political leadership adopted in the USSR, and received substantial amounts of aid and resources from the USSR. Inexorably though, differences began to emerge, as each state developed a distinctive national interpretation of the Soviet model of communist theory and practice. Although it was common to talk of the Soviet bloc in monolithic terms, as the decades progressed it became clear that there were a number of different ‘communisms’ in existence. Although all communists in this period declared themselves to be faithful disciples of Marxism–Leninism, committed to the realization of Marx’s ultimate vision of a communist society, they did not agree entirely on the best way to get there, or how quickly to go. In this chapter we will examine briefly the different forms that communism took, and examine the rapid decline of communism in the late 1980s and 1990s. Let us begin close to the communist ‘home’: Eastern Europe.

  ‘Communisms' in Eastern Europe

  Why did the states of Eastern Europe turn communist after 1945? The simple answer – because Stalin wanted it – is tempting but deceptive. Clearly Stalin did want it. But why did he want it? Was he hell-bent on global domination for communism, and this was the first step in achieving this aim? Or was he motivated by security concerns after the horrors of the Nazi invasion and occupation? Did he want it because circumstances and international considerations – the wheeling and dealing with Churchill and Roosevelt – had given him a window of opportunity which was just too good to miss? Unearthing his motivations is not easy. But Stalin wasn’t the only person who wanted it. Any explanation of the reasons for the communist takeover needs to take into account the actions and aspirations of local communist leaders, the non-communist political groups and the people of the states of Eastern Europe too (Okey, 1982 ; Fowkes, 1993

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  Marx - The Key Ideas: Teach Yourself

  • Gill Hands(Author)
  • 2010(Publication Date)
  • Teach Yourself

    (Publisher)

  8

  Marxism after Marx – ideas that changed the world

  In this chapter you will learn:

  • about the spread of Marxist thought
  • how socialism developed away from communism
  • what led to revolution in Russia and China
  • about the Cold War
  • about the decline of communism

  Marxism is a term that can be used in a number of different ways. It is used to describe political systems where the ideas of Marx are allegedly put into practice. It is also used to describe social, philosophical and political theories based on the ideas of Marx. Marx died over a century ago and his ideas have been discussed and have evolved in many different forms since then. Many branches of Marxist thought have developed throughout the world and schools of Marxism have flourished in academic circles. In this chapter, I will be looking at the way that Marx’s ideas spread around the world and influenced political systems. The development of communism as a political system, beginning with the Russian Revolution of 1918, led to Marx’s ideas becoming a major driving force in the history of the twentieth century. They were also a major part of the early socialist movement, which developed out of the labour movement.

  In addition to his few books, Marx wrote numerous articles, pamphlets and speeches, many of which were not published until after his death. Because of the vast body of his work and its complexity, it is easy for people to interpret his ideas in their own way and claim that their interpretation is the ‘true’ meaning of Marxism. In some ways it is similar to interpretation of the Bible; there are many kinds of churches that call themselves Christian but they all have their own ways of worshipping God and many believe that their way is the ‘right’ way. Many different regimes call themselves Marxist or communist, but they do not necessarily have similar ideologies or political systems.

  In fact, they may well have very little in common with the original ideas of Marx, except for the use of his name. Marx became so upset by the many misinterpretations of his ideas that it is reported that he said, ‘All I know is that I am not a Marxist’. Many countries declared themselves as communist, Marxist or socialist during the twentieth century: some after one revolution, some after successive coups and revolutions and some after no revolution at all. Each one of these countries could have several books written about them. It is not possible in a short chapter to go into detail about every communist state in the world and its relationship to the works of Marx. The intention is to look at some of the ways that his ideas were interpreted and disseminated after his death and how they led to a change in the political structure of the world.

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  Revolution In East-central Europe

  The Rise And Fall Of Communism And The Cold War

  • David S Mason(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Warsaw Pact , the Soviet counterpart to NATO. The lines had hardened on both sides of the iron curtain.

  The Institutions of Communism

  Over the next five years, from 1948 to 1953, the communist governments of the region proceeded to establish in their own countries the institutions and policies of Soviet-style communism. This was a time of very rapid change. The Eastern European states accomplished in five years what had taken perhaps twenty years to accomplish in the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin (1917-1923) and then Joseph Stalin (1920s through 1953). In part, this was possible because the Eastern Europeans had a ready-made model based on the Soviet experience, and they simply imitated the Soviet pattern in the economic, social, and political spheres.

  The social policies of the new regimes had elements that were both benevolent and oppressive. Like most modernizing governments, and all socialist ones, the new governments (even in the coalition phase) seized most of the large landed estates and redistributed the property to ordinary peasants and farmers. In some areas, for example in the "Western Territories" of Poland, newly acquired from Germany, this involved a huge amount of land. The government's distribution of this property, often to refugees from farther east, understandably fostered considerable goodwill toward the regime. On the one hand, the new communist-dominated governments also pursued socialist social policies that were often well-received by the population: subsidized housing, health care, education, and guaranteed employment. On the other hand, these more generous policies were accompanied by the restrictive apparatus of the Soviet state as well: an increasingly powerful secret police; restrictions on independent organizations and media; and censorship.

  Economically, each of the Eastern European states pursued the twin policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture (the linchpins of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan begun in 1928). As in the Soviet Union, emphasis was placed on heavy industry (metallurgy, machine tools, engineering, petrochemicals) at the expense of light industry and consumer goods. The economy could be steered in this direction because of increasing state ownership of industry and because of state-controlled central economic planning. A state planning agency (modeled on the Soviet Gosplan) worked with the Council of Ministers and the various governmental ministries (e.g., Ministry of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Metallurgy) to set annual targets for growth of national income and gross output of industry, transportation, construction, and agriculture as well as specific output goals for important producer and consumer goods.6

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  Fourth World Conflicts

  Communism And Rural Societies

  • Janusz Bugajski(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Communist Theory and History Passage contains an image

  1 Marxism, Leninism, and Soviet Policy

  Marxism-Leninism is an all-embracing political doctrine containing principles which purport to explain the entire course of human history. It also provides prescriptions for transforming pre-socialist societies into socialist formations. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered the "materialist laws of history" applicable to all socio-economic systems. The sophistication of much of their analysis was subsequently simplified and solidified into a political dogma and model of social change. The practitioners of Marxism such as Lenin revised the original theory by setting the "subjective factor" of Communist Party policy above the "objective conditions" of socio-economic life as the agent of revolution. The "vanguard Party" was responsible for formulating and pursuing the "laws of history" and for accelerating the socio-economic stages in the Marxian schema of development.

  It is highly questionable whether the "laws" established by Marx and Engels from their studies of early capitalism can be readily applied to other systems without considerable revision. Quite possibly the entire "pre-capitalist" era should be excluded from the Marxian model of historical evolution. Nevertheless, one needs to examine the content of Marxist, Leninist, and Stalinist theoretical constructs before deciding on their analytical relevance. Moreover, even the redundance of Communist interpretations does not effect their practical utility in the formulation and pursuit of policies by movements professing faith in the Marxist-Leninist analysis. In various parts of the globe, Marxism has been adopted and adapted as a diagnosis of world history, an ideological justification for Party programs, and a practical vehicle for implementing far-reaching social transformations.

  This chapter will focus on the theoretical underpinnings and historical antecedents of Third World Communist policies toward rural populations. In particular it will concentrate on societies labelled "pre-capitalist" by Marxist-Leninists, and will assess the application of this definition in the creation of the first Communist Party state. An examination of socialist theory and practice in the Soviet context, where MarxismLeninism was first applied on a comprehensive scale, will serve as a backround to understanding Communist policies toward indigenous and rural populations in other parts of the world.

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