Instant Anatomy

Robert H. Whitaker, Neil R. Borley

• Editore: Wiley-Blackwell
• Anno: 2016
• ISBN:
  9781119159407
• Edizione: 5
• Argomento: Medicine
• Categoria: Anatomy

Instant Anatomy presents anatomy and anatomical relationships in a simple, unique, schematic manner to aid the speedy understanding and retrieval of anatomical facts. It shows structuressuch as nerves and blood vessels in their entirety, unlike the partial, regional presentations given in most textbooks. Covering the major aspects of anatomy, each section presents the relevant structures in double page spreads, with clear, full-colour diagrams on the left and concise text for each structure on the right. This new fifth edition includes more surface anatomy such asnew myotome maps, bones of the hands and feet, principles of movement at shoulder and hip and images to clarify the understanding of the inguinal region and the lesser sac of the stomach. Ideal for use alongside a core anatomy textbook, Instant Anatomy is the perfect quick reference guide for medical students, surgeons, radiologists and those in many other specialties.The companion website at www.instantanatomy.net with its podcasts andwide ranging multiple choice questionsprovide invaluable exam preparation.

1: Arteries

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1. Coronary arteries
2. Ascending & arch of aorta
3. Internal carotid artery, vertebrobasilar system & circle of Willis
4. Ophthalmic artery
5. External carotid artery
6. Maxillary artery
7. Middle meningeal artery
8. Subclavian artery
9. Axillary artery
10. Brachial artery
11. Radial artery
12. Ulnar artery
13. Thoracic (descending) aorta
14. Abdominal aorta
15. External iliac artery
16. Coeliac trunk
17. Superior mesenteric artery
18. Inferior mesenteric artery
19. Internal iliac artery
20. Femoral artery
21. Popliteal artery
22. Anterior tibial artery
23. Posterior tibial artery
24. Fibular (peroneal) artery
25. Arterial anastomoses around scapula
26. Arterial anastomoses around hip

Coronary arteries

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Coronary Arteries

From: Ascending aorta

To: Myocardium

Right coronary artery. Originates from the anterior aortic sinus. It passes anteriorly between the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle to reach the atrioventricular sulcus in which it runs down the anterior surface of the right cardiac border and then onto the inferior surface of the heart. It terminates at the junction of the atrioventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular groove by anastomosing with the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery and giving off the posterior interventricular (posterior descending) artery. It supplies the right atrium and part of the left atrium, the sinuatrial node in 60% of cases, the right ventricle, the posterior part of the interventricular septum and the atrioventricular node in 80% of cases.

Left coronary artery. Arises from the left posterior aortic sinus. It passes laterally, posterior to the pulmonary trunk and anterior to the left auricle to reach the atrioventricular groove where it divides into an anterior interventricular (formally left anterior descending) artery and circumflex branches. The circumflex artery runs in the atrioventricular sulcus around the left border of the heart to anastomose with the right coronary artery. The anterior interventricular artery descends on the anterior surface of the heart in the anterior interventricular groove and around the apex of the heart into the posterior interventricular groove where it anastomoses with the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery. The left coronary artery supplies the left atrium, left ventricle, anterior interventricular septum, sinuatrial node in 40% of cases and the atrioventricular node in 20%.

Dominance. In approximately 10% of hearts the posterior interventricular artery arises from the circumflex artery (left coronary) and then most of the left ventricle and interventricular septum are supplied by the left coronary artery. The heart is said to have left cardiac dominance.

Ascending & arch of aorta

Ascending & Arch of Aorta

From: Left ventricle

To: Descending aorta

Ascending aorta. Arises at the vestibule of the left ventricle at the level of the third left costal cartilage and passes upwards and slightly to the right to a point behind the sternum at the level of the manubriosternal joint (second costal cartilage) where it becomes the arch of the aorta. It is enclosed in fibrous and serous pericardium. Anterior to it are the right auricle, the infundibulum of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Posterior, lie the left atrium, the right pulmonary artery and right main bronchus. To the left lie the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle. To the right are the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

Arch of aorta. The arch begins posterior to the manubriosternal joint at the level of the second costal cartilage and passes posterior and to the left, over the left main bronchus to end at the left side of the body of T4 vertebra. Its highest level is the mid-point of the manubrium sterni and at this level its three main branches emerge. Anterior and to the left of the arch are (from anterior to posterior) the left phrenic nerve, vagal and sympathetic contributions to the cardiac plexus, and the left vagus. Also, the left superior intercostal vein runs forwards on the arch anterior to the vagus and posterior to the phrenic nerve. Lateral to all these structures are the pleura and left lung. Posterior and to the right of the arch are the trachea, deep cardiac plexus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, oesophagus, thoracic duct and the body of T4. Inferior to the arch are the pulmonary bifurcation, the left main bronchus, the ligamentum arteriosum and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. From its superior surface emerge the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. Within the adventitia of the ascending and arch of the aorta lie baro- and chemoreceptors.

Brachiocephalic artery. Arises from the convexity of the aortic arch behind the manubrium sterni and passes upwards and posteriorly to the right. It divides into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint. Anterior to it are the left brachiocephalic vein with the right inferior thyroid vein entering it, and the thymic remnants. The artery initially lies anterior to the trachea and then passes to lie on its right lateral side. On the right of the artery are the right brachiocephalic vein, upper part of the superior vena cava, the pleura and the cardiac branches of the vagus. The main vagal trunk is more posterolateral. At the origin of the brachiocephalic artery the left common carotid artery lies posteriorly on its left.

Ascending & arch of aorta

Common carotid arteries. The right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery as it divides posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint, whilst the left common carotid arises from the convexity of the aortic arch. Both end as the arteries bifurcate at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C4).

Left common carotid artery (thorax). Lying anterior to the thoracic part of this artery are the left brachiocephalic vein and the thymic remnant. Posterior to it in its lower part are the left subclavian artery and the trachea whilst further superiorly there is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, the thoracic duct and the left side of the oesophagus. On its right at its origin is the brachioceph...