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Danish: An Essential Grammar
Tom Lundskaer-Nielsen, Philip Holmes
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eBook - ePub
Danish: An Essential Grammar
Tom Lundskaer-Nielsen, Philip Holmes
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About This Book
Danish: An Essential Grammar is a reference guide to the most important aspects of current Danish as it is used by native speakers.
It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, focusing on those areas of Danish that pose particular problems for English speakers but at the same time providing a broad general account of the language.
The Grammar is the ideal source of reference for the learner of Danish in the early and middle stages. It is suitable for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.
This new edition has been fully updated to reflect changes in current language use and recent cultural developments. Features include:
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- clear, jargon-free explanations
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- many tables and diagrams for extra clarity
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- separate glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms
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- detailed index with key Danish and English words
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Information
Chapter 1
Pronunciation and spelling
This brief account of Danish pronunciation uses a modified version of IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet).
1.1 Vowel sounds
1.1.1 Vowels and their pronunciation
1.1.1.1 Unrounded vowels
1.1.1.2 Rounded vowels
Rounded front vowels
Rounded back vowels
Notes:
The pronunciation of the letters i, o, u, y when representing short vowels is often more open than is usually associated with these letters:
finde [fenə], bombe [båmbə], kul [kål], skylle [sgølə]
The pronunciation of e, æ, a, ø, å before and after r is more open than in other positions:
long vowels: ren, træ, fare, frø, gøre, får
short vowels: fred, fræk, fra, var, krølle, børste, rådhus
1.1.1.3 The position of Danish vowels
Unrounded vowels
Rounded vowels
1.1.1.4 Vowels by articulation
1.1.1.5 Approximate equivalent to pronunciation
(Here, ‘English’ = Standard British English)
| Long i | [iː] | ee in English ‘bee’ |
| Short i | [i] | i in English ‘sin’ |
| Long e | [eː] | No equivalent in English, cf. es in French ‘les’ |
| Short e | [e] | i in English ‘if’ |
| Unstressed e | [ə] | initial a in English ‘again’ |
| Long æ | [ɛː] | ai in English ‘said’ |
| Short æ | [ɛ] | e in English ‘pet’ |
| Long a | [aː] | a in English ‘bad’, but slightly more open |
| Short a | [a] | a in English ‘hat’ |
| Long (open) a | [ɑː] | a in English ‘card’ |
| Short (open) a | [ɑ] | ea in English ‘heart’, but shorter |
| Long y | [yː] | No equivalent in English, cf. ü in German ‘Bühne’ |
| Short y | [y] | No equivalent in English, cf. ü in German ‘Glück’ |
| Long ø | [øː] | No equivalent in English, cf. ö in German ‘schön’ |
| Short ø | [ø] | No equivalent in English, cf. eux in French ‘deux’ |
| Long (open) ø | [œː] | No equivalent in English, cf. eu in French ‘leur’ |
| Short (open) ø | [œ] | No equivalent in English, cf. eu in French ‘neuf’ |
| Long u | [uː] | oo in English ‘room’ |
| Short u | [u] | u in English ‘full’ |
| Long o | [oː] | No equivalent in English, cf. o in German ‘froh’ |
| Short o | [o] | No equivalent in English, cf. eau in French ‘beau’ |
| Long å | [åː] | No equivalent in English, French or German |
| Short å | [å] | No equivalent in English, French or German |
| Long (open) å | [ɔː] | a in English ‘all’ |
| Short (open) å | [ɔ] | o in English ‘hot’ |
Notes:
The pronunciation of e is very variable and difficult to predict. In unstressed syllables, the letter e is pro...