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Modern English Syntax
C.T. Onions
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eBook - ePub
Modern English Syntax
C.T. Onions
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About This Book
This standard introductory textbook presents in systematic form an account of current English practice. The introduction provides a full scheme of sentence analysis. Part I contains a treatment of syntactical phenomena based on the analysis of sentences; Part II classifies the uses of forms. Cross-references indicate how the two parts supplement one another.
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Part 1
Sentence construction
The subject
29 1 As in other languages:â
- (a) the subject is a noun or a noun-equivalent (§17);
- (b) if the subject is a declinable word, its function is shown by the nominative case.
In modern English, pronouns are the only words that have a distinct form for the nominative case.
I am here. Thou art the man. There he lies.
We could hardly believe it. Who is at the door?
Man is mortal.
For the use of it as a formal and as a vague subject (âIt is no good cryingâ; âWasnât it odd, the way the baby stared at us?â), see §7.
In sentences like âThere was a great calmâ, âThere rose a mighty shoutâ, there belongs theoretically to the predicate (cf. §7), but it stands in the position generally occupied by the subject and announces inversion of subject and verb. In French and German we have a formal subject, il, es, in such circumstances: Es regierte ein König âthere reigned a kingâ; il sortit trois messieurs âthere came out three gentlemenâ. With formal there the verb agrees in number with the noun: There are many difficulties; For the first time there are introduced two foreign elements.
Modern English has nothing analogous to the impersonal passive construction with a vague subject which is so common in Latin and German; e.g. Latin Ä«tur âit is goneâ, i.e. âthere is a goingâ, âsomeone is goingâ, pugnatum est âit was foughtâ, âthere was fightingâ, mihi parcitur âit is spared to meâ, i.e. âI am sparedâ; German es wird getanzt âit is dancedâ, âthere is dancingâ.
2 The subject is ordinarily omitted in commands and prohibitions:
Let the cat alone. Do not go yet.
Stand still.
Compare, however:
You go; I canât. Mind you âŠ
Notice also the omission of the subject âIâ in common expressions such as âThank youâ, âPrayâ (compare German danke, bitte âthank youâ, âpleaseâ), and in familiar speech: âWho do you think has come?âââHavenât the remotest ideaâ; âGot him!â; âNever heard of himâ; âSee those black clouds?â
The predicate
The verb
30 Agreement of the verb with the subject
As in other languages, the finite verb agrees with the subject in number and in person. In modern English, this agreement is not now shown by difference of form except in the third person singular present indicative (âes, âs, or in archaic style sometimes âeth), and the second person singular present and past indicative (âest, âst; these forms are liturgical and poetical).
The boy shoutâs (is shouting). The boys shout (are shouting).
I teach. Thou teachâest. He teachâes. We teach.
He comâeth.
In a few verbs the forms differ considerably:
is:are; has:have; does:do; was:were.
It requires care to observe the rule of agreement in longer sentences, where the wrong number is often used (especially where the subject is singular and a plural noun comes between it and the verb); e.g. âThe appearance of many things in the country, in the villages one passed through, and in this town, reminds [not remind] me of Dutch picturesâ; âNothing but dreary dykes occurs [not occur] to break the monotony of the landscapeâ.
31 Construction according to sense
A singular noun of multitude (or collective singular) may take either a singular or a plural verb according to whether collective or individual action is to be indicated. Thus:
Parliament is now sitting.
The crowd has dispersed.
Our army was in a sad plight.
The majority is thus resolved.
Three shillings is an excessive price.
Two-thirds of the city lies in ruins.
Altogether nine inches of rain has fallen.
In each case the âmultitudeâ is conceived of in the mass, as a unit. But in the following each individual of the âmultitudeâ is regarded as acting separately, hence the plural verb:
A majority of members were in favour of the plan.
A variety of suggestions have been made.
A number are going to take the risk.
The greater part of them come under a different head.
Youth are the trustees of posterity.âDISRAELI
Note also:
The military [= the soldiers] were called out.
The poultry [= the fowls, ducks, &c.] are being fed.
Note the contrast between:
There is heaps of jam (= much jam); and
There are heaps of plates (= many plates).
32 Compound subject
A compound subject is a subject made up of two or more nouns or noun-equivalents linked together by the conjunction âandâ, or united in thought without a conjunction.
Number of the verb
His father and his mother are dead.
Fire and water do not agree.
The buyer and seller soon come to an understanding.
To them his heart, his love, his griefs were given.
Rule: When the subject is compound, the verb is plural.
2 Person of the verb
His son and I are friends.
You and they would agree on that point.
He and his brother were to have come.
Reason: âHis son and Iâ cannot be spoken of together except as âweâ; similarly âyou and theyâ = âyouâ; âhe and his brotherâ = âtheyâ.
The verb may agree with the part of the subject which stands nearest to it, especially if that part serves as a climax to the whole of the subject:
One whose voice, whose look dispens...