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Written by two major American poets, this guide to versification is immensely useful for anyone interested in poetry or in general poetic structure. Its systematic study of meter, tempo, rhyme, and other components of verse incorporates countless vivid illustrative examples.
Concise and informal, The Prosody Handbook progresses from the smaller elements to the larger: from syllables to feet to lines to stanzas, and from smaller stanzas to larger ones. Its modified notation for marking times and stresses is easily understandable. The extensive and expanded material in the chapter titled `Scansions and Comments` introduces the manifold problems of scansion, confronting readers with the necessity of considering a poem's prosody simultaneously with all its other elements and aspects.
A glossary provides ready definitions and illustrations of the most common prosodic terms. A brief chapter covers classical prosody, and the text concludes with an updated bibliography. Both readers and writers of poetry will find this comprehensive volume an essential companion.
Concise and informal, The Prosody Handbook progresses from the smaller elements to the larger: from syllables to feet to lines to stanzas, and from smaller stanzas to larger ones. Its modified notation for marking times and stresses is easily understandable. The extensive and expanded material in the chapter titled `Scansions and Comments` introduces the manifold problems of scansion, confronting readers with the necessity of considering a poem's prosody simultaneously with all its other elements and aspects.
A glossary provides ready definitions and illustrations of the most common prosodic terms. A brief chapter covers classical prosody, and the text concludes with an updated bibliography. Both readers and writers of poetry will find this comprehensive volume an essential companion.
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1
Prosody as a Study
Poetryâlike prose, and like musicâis an art of SOUNDS moving in TIME.
For particular purposes, these sounds may be analyzed into various units; for example, into PHONES (the smallest distinguishable speech sounds) or, in English and in many other languages, into SYLLABLES.
Traditionally, the metrical structure of English poetryâthe outward and obvious features such as rhyme and meter and stanza form, that make it different from proseâhas been analyzed in terms of syllables, and this remains the most useful way of proceeding.
In any case, we have a situation in which sounds are uttered and perceived consecutively. As written or spoken syllables move forward, they create images and ideas that we understand and respond to. Simultaneously, we respond also to the very sounds themselves and to the quality of their movement: their relative speed or slowness, and any patterns of regularity, or relative regularity, they may form. The stream of sound turns into images and thoughts and feelings; but it also registers in its own right.
Poetry, then, like music, is primarily a temporal art, rather than a plastic art like painting or sculpture. Sound, its movement and pattern, is at the very heart of a poem; it is part of the poetâs technique, and as important in determining our imaginative and emotional responses to a poem as are the meanings of the words themselves. It might make the point to say that a poetâs prosodyâhis control of the stream of soundâis his language within a language. Dante Gabriel Rossetti once put the idea memorably and much more strongly: âColor and meter, these are the true patents of nobility in painting and poetry, taking precedence of all intellectual claims.â
A poetâs intention always is to shape a prosodic form that is perfectly suited to the point he wants to makeâto the particular quality of human experience he deals withâin this particular poem. Usually, he creates a form that âsaysâ the same thing as the words themselves say: the prosody complements the poemâs thought and feeling, helping to fuse all the various elements into an indivisible and compelling experience. The hardy stresses, rapid rhythms, and playful rhymes of
Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle,
The cow jumped over the moon;
The little dog laughed to see such sport,
And the dish ran away with the spoon!
The cow jumped over the moon;
The little dog laughed to see such sport,
And the dish ran away with the spoon!
are wonderfully appropriate to the madcap action, the delightful nonsense and raucous tone, of the verse; a metric very different but equally expressive would be expected in a meditative or elegiac poem.
Sometimes the wedding of sound and sense takes a rather different aspect. In order to gain an ironic or amusing effect, a poet may shape a prosodic form that qualifiesâperhaps contradictsârather than reinforces the sense. In the sonnet by Sir Philip Sidney beginning, âLoving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,â the lover complains he is at his witâs end to write a poem that will favorably impress his mistress. At last he hears what seems to be sound advice from his muse:
Fool, said my muse to me, look in thy heart and write.
But the very choice of the elaborate and difficult formâa hexameter sonnetâis at odds with the museâs recommendation of an artless and reportorial approach. And so considering the poem as a prosodically shaped thing, as well as a network of ideas and attitudes, we see Sidneyâs ultimate message: art, besides sincerity and deep feeling, is necessary to the loverâs success. To avoid misreading the poem or condemning it as a case of manner violating matter, the sense must be read carefully against the prosody. Taken together, the words and the metric coalesce into just the sort of coherent and witty poem that might win the lady.
In any case, a vital relationship exists between a poemâs vision and its versification: the latter is in some way always made to work actively in the formerâs service.
To study prosody, then, is to study such things as tempo and sound, pause and flow, line and stanza, rhyme and rhymelessness. To understand and appreciate poetry as an art, it is as necessary to study these matters as it is to study metaphor, imagery, and connotation. It is true, of course, that the study of prosody is not essential to the immediate appreciation of a poem. Children love and understand the quite complex poems of childhood, and the adult reader may respond deeply to a poem by Frost or Herbert without knowing the mechanics or terminology of its metric. To study prosody is to go beyond immediate appreciation and to try to discover some of the means by which poetry produces its particular effects. Prosody is for those who wish to go behind the scenes. It leads to an intellectual appreciation, and is a necessary study for anyone who is to be considered âeducatedâ in the art of poetry, whether he writes it or not. In the same way, a person is trained to âreadâ a musical score or even a painting (that is, to know the crafts of drawing, perspective, color, and mass), though the listener and viewer simply rely upon the total impact of the work. In recent decades, the study of poetry has focused intensively on the SEMANTIC elements of the poem, and prosody has been somewhat neglected. Between the analyses of critics whose main interest lies in allusiveness and connotation, and of critics who are interested primarily in âmythâ or in the âhistory of ideas,â the MEDIUM of poetryâthe moving sound stream, the song-stuffâhas become an unfashionable subject. One would almost think that images and ideas somehow get expressed without a medium of expression. And yet, Shakespeareâs verse shows a general pattern of
Ti-TUM | Ti-TUM | Ti-TUM | Ti-TUM | Ti-TUM
So long | as men | can breathe | or eyes | can see,
and the student of poetry is at last obliged to ask: What is the meaning of this ten-syllable standard? Why didnât Shakespeare use a twelve-syllable standard, like the French poets? Or why not a line whose fundamental pattern is the reverse: TUM-Ti | TUM-Ti | TUM-Ti | TUM-Ti | TUM-Ti? And what was the point of measuring the verse at all? It is here that we must turn to the prosodist. Any more than casual reading of poetry will inevitably give rise to questions that can only be answeredâif they can be answered at allâby a study of the physical qualities of the medium itself.
And, once begun, how should such a study proceed? Where lies its end? How minutely and scientifically should one scrutinize those sounds and the patterns they make as they cut their way across timeâhow much knowledge makes one âeducatedâ? Dogmatic opinions are readily available, but ultimately every reader must answer such questions for himself. A poem yields up its meaning, and makes that meaning an experience, in two ways: (1) through the semantic content of words as these are organized in sequences of images, ideas, and logical or conventional connections; and (2) through the âmusic,â the purely physical qualities of the medium itself, such as sound color, pitch, stress, line length, tempo. Either study proves to be inexhaustibleâthe more so, since the matter and the metric are ultimately inseparable. Because the domain of prosody includes all that remains after the semantic content has as far as possible been excluded, every physical detail and aspect of a poem stands open to analysis. Traditionally, however, prosodists have limited their analyses usually to the more obvious and easily accessible features of the medium: the pattern of weaker and stronger stresses; the pauses (or lack of them) within lines and at the ends of lines; the rhyme words and rhyme pattern; line length; and the more obvious acoustic features such as euphony, dissonance, or onomatopoeia. These are analyzable in themselves and also in their relationships with the larger units of presentation: the sentence, the stanza, the whole poem. The degree of rigorousness of any such investigation depends of course on oneâs particular aim with a particular poem.
In time perhaps a new system of prosodic analysis, and a new terminology, will appear and become as viable as the old and familiar apparatus. Meanwhile, the traditional approach remains immensely useful, even for very sophisticated purposes, and has been followed throughout the present book.
2
Poetry and Verse
When poetry showsâas it need notâsome sort of definite regularity in prosodic formâsome pattern of lines, pitches, quantities, or stresses, for exampleâthe result is VERSE.
The term verse is sometimes used by critics to denote an inferior type of poetry (âmere verseâ), but that definition is not to the purpose here. In the singular, âa verse,â it refers to a single line of a poem; and by extension it sometimes means a stanza or a whole poem or a section of a chapter in the Bible. These meanings too will not be useful here. We take verse to mean simply metered language: that is, language in which some quality of the syllables, such as stress or quantity, is either strictly or at least relatively regularized. The determinate pattern is called METER; the resulting kind of poetry is verse.
Much of the worldâs poetry is verse: the Iliad and the Odyssey, the tragedies of the Greeks and of Shakespeare, the Divine Comedy of Dante, the poems of Yeats and Frost. Some of its greatest poetry, however, lacks meter: the King James version of the Psalms (and, for that matter, the Psalms in the original Hebrew) and the poems of Walt Whitman, for example. All FREE VERSE is unmetered. Generally speaking, all poetry can be divided prosodically into two types: metered poetry (verse) and free verse. (Whether poetry is metrical or not has of course no bearing on its merit; Whitmanâs verse, for example, is greatly inferior to his vers libre.)
EXAMPLES
(i) | |
This is poetry, but not verse. There are many parallels, from sentence to sentence and within the sentences, in form and meaning; but there is no fixed pattern of line, sound, or stress | The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handywork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. There is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard. Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun. Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race.... |
-Psalms: 19, KJV | |
(ii) | |
This is poetry in the form of verse. | Whenas in silks my Julia goes, Then, then, methinks, how sweetly flows The liquefaction of her clothes. |
Next, when I cast mine eyes and see That brave vibration each way free, O, how that glittering taketh me! | |
âHERRICK, âUpon Juliaâs Clothesâ | |
(iii) | |
This is verse, but no one would call it poetry. It is prose imposed upon by arithmetic. | The meter makes the verse, but not, of course, The poem, which demands much more than mere Arithmetic; and this distinctionâs not An unimportant one, since verse sometimes Is thought sufficient or essential form. |
-ANONYMOUS |
3
Syllables: Color, Stress, Quantity, Pitch
A SYLLABLE is a unit of speech sound that may be uttered with a single impulse of the breath (by impulse is meant an expulsion of breath). It consists of one or more distinctive sounds, called PHONES, one of which has relatively great sonority (deep, resonant sound). Modern linguistic studies are inclined to regard the syllable as an elusive and otherwise inconvenient unit; more minutely measurable units of speech soundâthe phone, the phonemeâare preferred. But English is a stress language, and stress is intimately bound up with the syllable; also, tradition and universal practice in literature still dictate the syllabic unit as the most practical one for prosodic analysis.
The word ah consists of a single syllable and a single distinctive sound or phone. The word Amen contains two syllables, the second of which, -men, has three distinctly different sounds: the consonant m, the short vowel e ( ), and the consonant n.
In English poetry four characteristics of the syllable are important: (1) COLOR, or phone qualityâsometimes called TIMBRE; (2) STRESS, or relative force or loudness; (3) QUANTITY, or time in utteranceâsometimes called DURATI...
Table of contents
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Poetry Acknowledgments
- Table of Contents
- Foreword to the Dover Edition
- A Note on Terms
- 1 - Prosody as a Study
- 2 - Poetry and Verse
- 3 - Syllables: Color, Stress, Quantity, Pitch
- 4 - The Foot
- 5 - The Line
- 6 - Accentual and Syllabic Verse
- 7 - Meter and Rhythm,
- 8 - The uses of !Meter
- 9 - Tempo
- 10 - Rhyme
- 11 - The Uses of Rhyme
- 12 - The Stanza
- 13 - Stanza forms
- 14 - The Sonnet
- 15 - Blank Verse
- 16 - Free Verse
- 17 - Classical Prosody
- 18 - Prosody and Period
- 19 - Scansions and Comments
- Glossary
- A Selected Bibliography
- Index
- A CATALOG OF SELECTED DOVER BOOKS IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST