1–10
−1 ribosomal frameshifting
FRAMESHIFTING (q.v.) in which the READING FRAME is shifted 1 nucleotide upstream (i.e. in the 5′ direction).
+1 ribosomal frameshifting
FRAMESHIFTING (q.v.) in which the READING FRAME is shifted 1 nucleotide downstream (i.e. in the 3′ direction).
1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide
RIBAVIRIN.
1,2-dioxetanes
Compounds that include a range of commercial products used for generating CHEMILUMINESCENCE in various reporter systems in DNA technology – examples include e.g. AMPPD and CSPD.
1,2-propanediol
An agent which (together with trehalose) was reported to be a potent enhancer of QUANTITATIVE PCR [BMC Biotechnol (2011) 11:41].
1,3-dimethylxanthine
An agent used e.g. for controlling gene expression in engineered systems – and as an inhibitor of the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase. See THEOPHYLLINE.
1,4-butanediol dimethylsulfonate
See BUSULFAN.
1m
The designation of a small-molecule agent that inhibits the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3). It has been used to induce differentiation in (human) embryonic STEM CELLS [J Cell Sci (2011) doi: 10.1242/jcs.081679].
2–ΔΔCT method
See the entry COMPARATIVE CT METHOD.
2-component regulatory system
TWO-COMPONENT REGULATORY SYSTEM
2-deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranoside
An agent that is bactericidal for certain actively growing species. See the entry STREPTOZOTOCIN.
2′-deoxyribonucleoside N-oxide 5′-triphosphates
Nucleotide analogs used in a PRIMER EXTENSION ASSAY (q.v.).
2-hybrid system
See TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM.
2-ketoglutarate
See 2-oxoglutarate, below.
2-mercaptoethanesulfonate
See MESNA.
2-mercaptoethanol(HO(CH2)2SH)
A reducing agent which is present e.g. as a constituent in buffers used for storing certain enzymes; it maintains the sulfhydryl (SH) group in a reduced state.
2-metal-ion catalysis
See TWO-METAL-ION CATALYSIS.
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
An agent used e.g. for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells: see the entry MENADIONE.
2 µ plasmid
A (dsDNA) multicopy plasmid often present in the nucleus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The FLP (q.v.) site-specific recombination system derives from this plasmid. See TWO-MICRON PLASMID for further details.
2-oxoglutarate
(2-ketoglutarate)A cofactor needed for activity of the enzyme encoded by TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION GENES.
2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine
CYTOSINE (q.v.).
2-propylpentanoic acid(valproic acid)
An inhibitor of histone deacetylases (see the entry HDAC).
2′-O-ribose methylation(of RNA)
2′-O-methylation of rRNA is carried out (in nucleoli) by the enzyme fibrillarin (see the entry SNORNAS).
Using a synthetic guide RNA (of the type involved, in vivo, in methylation of rRNA), methylation of pre-mRNA at the 2′-OH of an intron's branch-point adenosine was used to block the splicing reaction in a given transcript in cells of Xenopus [RNA (2010) 16(5):1078–1085, doi: 10.1261/rna.2060210].
2′-O-methylation (of the 3′-terminal nucleotide) is found in small, non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, siRNAs) in plants, and in some of the small non-coding RNAs in animals. Methylation is carried out by the RNA methyltransferase HEN1 (q.v.).
2′-O-methylated ribose can be detected by various chemical reagents [J Nucleic Acids (2011) doi: 10.4061/2011/408053 – see section 3.4 in this paper].
2-thiouracil
A base analog that has been used e.g. in strands of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) in the ARCUT system.
2-(2-furyl)-3-hydroxychromone
See SOLVATOCHROMIC FLUOR-ESCENT DYE.
2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
Any – synthetically produced – nucleoside triphosphate that is used e.g. for chain termination in the DIDEOXY METHOD of DNA sequencing, and for SINGLE-BASE EXTENSION.
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)
A NON-GENOTOX-IC CARCINOGEN (q.v.).
2,4-difluorotoluene
An agent that was used for modifying the potency of siRNAs by promoting separation of the strands of dsRNA precursor molecules [Nucleic Acids Res (2010) doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq568].
2,6-diaminopurine
A type of base analog that has been used e.g. in strands of peptide nucleic acid in the ARCUT system.
2,8-dihydroxyadenine
See ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFER-ASE.
2i culture(2-inhibitor culture)
A protocol used for the (in vitro) maintenance of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells – in the absence of feeder cells – by using certain small-molecule ...