Creating Safer Organisations

Practical Steps to Prevent the Abuse of Children by Those Working With Them

Marcus Erooga

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2012
• ISBN:
  9781119943051
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Psychology
• Subtopic: Forensic Psychology
• Index: Psychology

An accessible resource to help those in organisational settings ensure that they have taken all possible steps to safeguard the children and young people they are responsible for.

• Draws on up to date research with people who have committed sexual offences against children in organisational settings, and new developments in interviewing approaches
• Details recent cases to illustrate points about institutional failures in protecting children
• Highlights the fact that those who sexually offend against children are a diverse and heterogeneous population, and the approaches taken to protect children must address the range of possible risks
• Makes a firm commitment to the importance of multi-agency and inter-disciplinary collaboration and is relevant in both community and residential settings
• Offers clear and practical messages and measures for organisations to act on

1 Understanding and Responding to People Who Sexually Abuse Children Whilst Employed In Positions of Trust: An Overview of the Relevant Literature – Part One: Offenders

Marcus Erooga

The starting point for understanding any issue is to review the existing knowledge. Chapters One and Two therefore outline key aspects from the literature regarding people who sexually abuse children whilst employed in positions of trust. This chapter relates primarily to offenders and offending behaviour, Chapter Two to organisational issues.

PEOPLE WHO SEXUALLY ABUSE CHILDREN IN ORGANISATIONAL POSITIONS OF TRUST – A DEFINITION

For the purposes of this review of the literature this population was defined as anyone working with children who had sexually offended against a child or young person in a context directly related to their paid work or volunteering activity. Working with children here is used to include people working with children in health, social welfare, education, residential accommodation, leisure, sporting, religious activities and criminal justice systems and extends to the voluntary and private sectors (Beyer et al., 2005). The term is further extended to include managers. Worker will be used as a generic term to describe anyone in this category.

Inevitably the literature regarding this population relates primarily to those whose offending has come to the attention of law enforcement agencies, usually those who have been convicted. The literature relating to people who have abused but not been detected tends to focus, for obvious practical and ethical reasons, on a desire or willingness to abuse (Briere and Runtz, 1989; Freel, 2003) rather than on the modus operandi of unconvicted offenders. The findings from the literature must therefore be regarded with that potential limitation or bias.

HOW PREVALENT ARE SEXUAL OFFENCES COMMITTED AGAINST CHILDREN IN PROFESSIONAL OR WORKPLACE SETTINGS?

One of the striking features of an issue about which there has been so much publicity is that there are no definitive figures relating to incidence. What is known about the prevalence of organisational, or institutional, abuse comes from disparate sources as there are no national figures collated on the basis of the context of sexual abuse (Kendrick, 1997). Press coverage will inevitably distort public perception with the issue gaining awareness following the murders of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman by Ian Huntley in Soham in 2002 and more recently the sexual abuse of children in nursery by Vanessa George (Plymouth SCB, 2010). However, statistical information is far more difficult to obtain. One indicator of the increase in official interest in the issue is public inquiries, of which there were 20 between 1967 and 2000, with 14 of those during the 1990s.

In the United States, a recognised expert in the field suggests that the most reliable estimate is that 9.6% of U.S. school students experience sexual abuse by an education professional (Shakeshaft, 2004). In the UK, the most recent information derived from retrospective studies with adults comes from the 2011 NSPCC study on the prevalence of maltreatment and victimisation of children which found only 0.7% reported sexual abuse by a professional (Radford et al., 2011). In one police force, investigation of institutional abuse in 1994–5 constituted 4% of all Child Protection investigations (Gallagher, 2000). From these figures, it is clear that the precise extent of the prevalence, or indeed incidence, of such abuse is largely unknown.

CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE WHO SEXUALLY ABUSE CHILDREN IN ORGANISATIONAL POSITIONS OF TRUST

The literature in relation to organisations and the potential for abuse is sparse and has relatively little to offer in terms of the attributes of those who have sexually abused specifically in professional settings. Nevertheless, this section presents what is known about sexual offending in workplace settings.

There is a single detailed study of people who sexually abuse children in organisational positions of trust carried out in the UK by Sullivan and Beech (2004). Because of the uniqueness of the study, and because of its marked contrast to some of the findings of the current study, it is intended to first review its findings before going on to outline the more general literature about those who sexually offend against children.

FINDINGS FROM A STUDY OF RESIDENTS IN A SPECIALIST TREATMENT SETTING WHO HAD SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN WHILST IN ORGANISATIONAL POSITIONS OF TRUST

Over a five year period a sample of 41 men who admitted sexually abusing children with whom they worked in a professional capacity was drawn from residents in a specialist sexual abuse assessment and treatment centre. The centre also provided a comparison group of residents whose sexual offences had not been in professional settings. Whilst the study is informative, providing information from men admitting their offences and becoming increasingly disclosive as they progressed through a treatment programme, the sample will undoubtedly be skewed by virtue of the selectivity of being resident in such a specialist setting for which funding was required.

Twenty-seven of the participants were Roman Catholic priests, religious brothers, ministers or missionaries, 14 of whom had also worked in teaching roles and three of whom had primary care responsibilities with groups of children, either in residential homes or boarding schools. The religious brothers had also worked in boarding schools. There were two residential social workers, both of whom had also trained as teachers. Ten participants were teachers, two of whom also had carer responsibilities for children within residential school settings and one was a sports coach. The remaining two were a nursery carer, who also worked in a pre-school group and a social worker. A large proportion of the sample group also had voluntary or non-statutory involvement with children through church or children’s organisations.

Sullivan and Beech (2004) noted significant differences in the clerics who sexually abused children from other child abusers, being older and having a higher IQ. This supports findings from earlier North American studies (Haywood, Kravitz, Grossman, Wasyliw, and Hardy 1996; Langevin, Curnoe, and Bain, 2000; Plante, Manuel, and Bryant, 1996). Mean age on arrival at the Centre (i.e. post discovery of the abuse) was higher, at 50.71 years, than with the other residents, with the oldest group being the faith community leaders who had a mean age of 53.15 years and the youngest group being the childcare workers with a mean age of 35.25 years. Overall, the sample of professional offenders were less likely to be married, in an adult sexual relationship or have children of their own than the other residents. However, the proportion of Catholic clergy in the sample may render this finding atypical.

The majority (73%) of the professional offender sample were accused of sexually abusing only male children, while 22% were exclusively accused by females and 5% were alleged to have sexually abused both boys and girls. For the general centre population, 58% were accused of abusing girls and 21% were accused by boys and 21% accused by both, consistent with other research in this area (Haywood et al., 1996; Loftus and Camargo, 1993). However, in terms of sexual interests whilst there was an exact correlation between girls being the child alleging the index offence and professional offenders’ expressed preference, this was not the case when the child making the allegation was a boy (e.g. males were the victim in 73% of cases but were the offender’s primary sexual preference in only 56%). Additionally, 24% of offenders reported an exclusive sexual interest in children.

Abel, Osborn, and Twigg (1993) estimate that around one half of adult sex offenders report an adolescent onset of sexual deviance. When their sample were asked to identify when they were first aware of their sexual arousal to children, Sullivan and Beech found that the overwhelming majority (90%) were aware of their sexual arousal to children prior to undertaking their professional careers. Based on a single study, however, it is not appropriate to generalise this finding to all professional sexual offenders.

Fifteen per cent said that gaining access to children in order to sexually abuse them formed a part of their career choice; a further 42% said abuse was part of their motivation for choosing their job and 25% said it was not. The majority of the sample (76%) reported using emotionally coercive methods to facilitate the abuse, one said he only used physical force and 22% reported using both. Other methods commonly used involved taking children away from the normal work environment: 77.5% arranged to meet children outside work with the specific intention of sexual abuse, and 67.5% reported taking children away overnight in order to sexually abuse them. Typically these were educational or recreational trips involving other professionals also accompanying the children, although some were private arrangements with parents. One participant spoke of abusing children on an annual summer camp where he was responsible for the infirmary and would sexually abuse children who became ill, upset or homesick.

Another common method of identifying children to sexually abuse was as part of their work in children’s voluntary organisations. In total, 51.2% of the group admitted they had sexually abused children in voluntary settings. By contrast, in a sample of 207 Australian convicted sex offenders, Smallbone and Wortley (2001) found that of those who abused solely outside of their family settings, 18.9% had found their victims through organised activities such as sporting organisations or scouts.

Widespread use of the internet was just beginning at the time Sullivan and Beech’s study was concluding. In 1995, the final year from which data for the study was drawn, the authors noted a new development in that the majority of the professional offenders in the clinic admitted use of the internet either to access pornography or to attempt to contact children for potential sexual contact. Of those who participated in the study, 29.3% admitted using the internet to collect pornography (not specified whether indecent images of children or other pornographic images), whilst 9.8% admitted to also attempting to contact children via the internet to sexually abuse. In addition Sullivan, Beech, Craig, and Gannon (2010) report an emerging trend from current police investigations into internet facilitated sexual abuse of children, with significant numbers of those working with children offending in this way.

Whilst it is clear that children are vulnerable in professional relationships, it is instructive to be reminded of what offenders themselves have said about their offending patterns and particularly to review those issues which are most relevant to the likely context of professional relationships in organisational settings. This section on offender characteristics concludes with a review of what is known about grooming.

GROOMING

Noting Gallagher’s (2000) reservations about the term ‘grooming’ as euphemistic and preference for the term ‘entrapment’, grooming is used here to mean ‘A process by which a person prepares a child, significant adults and the environment for the abuse of this child’ (Craven, Brown, and Gilchrist, 2006, p. 297).

There are two widely cited studies in which treated sex offenders, those considered most likely to have an understanding of their own behaviour and be most disclosive, were interviewed about their modus operandi. They differ in that one (Conte, Wolf, and Smith, 1989) is a relatively small North American sample (n = 20) with community based offenders whilst the other (Elliott, Browne, and Kilcoyne, 1995) draws on a larger sample (n = 91) of U.K. offenders from a range of community and custodial settings including special hospitals. There are, however, consistent themes which emerge and are illustrated here with quotes from the offenders themselves.

TARGETING VULNERABILITY

The offenders interviewed across both studies claimed a particular ability to identify vulnerable children. This referred either to a child’s status, home circumstances or age, or their emotional or psychological state. The interviews demonstrated that they manipulated that vulnerability as a means of gaining sexual access to those children. In Elliott et al.’s (1995) sample, for example, 49% reported being attracted to children who seemed to lack confidence or had low self-esteem: ‘I would probably pick the one who appeared more needy … Someone who had been a victim before: quiet, withdrawn, co...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Series page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication page
• About the Contributors
• Preface
• Creating Safer Organisations – An Overview
• 1 Understanding and Responding to People Who Sexually Abuse Children Whilst Employed In Positions of Trust: An Overview of the Relevant Literature – Part One: Offenders
• 2 Understanding and Responding to People Who Sexually Abuse Children Whilst Employed In Positions of Trust: An Overview of the Relevant Literature – Part Two: Organisations
• 3 Policy and Legislation – Changing Responses to an Emerging Problem
• 4 Sexual Abuse of Children By People In Organisations: What Offenders Can Teach Us About Protection
• 5 Manipulation Styles of Abusers Who Work With Children
• 6 Organisational Issues and New Technologies
• 7 Safer Recruitment – Guidance for Organisations
• 8 Prevention Is Better Than Cure: The Value of Situational Prevention In Organisations
• 9 Avoiding and Managing Allegations Against Staff
• Index