The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society
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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society

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eBook - ePub

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society

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About This Book

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society explores the social and policy sides of the pharmaceutical industry and its pervasive influence in society. While many technical STM works explore the chemistry and biology of pharmacology and an equally large number of clinically oriented works focus on use of illegal drugs, substance abuse, and treatment, there is virtually nothing on the immensely huge business (“Big Pharma”) of creating, selling, consuming, and regulating legal drugs.

With this new Encyclopedia, the topic of socioeconomic, business and consumer, and legal and ethical issues of the pharmaceutical industry in contemporary society around the world are addressed.

Key Features:

  • 800 signed articles, authored by prominent scholars, are arranged A-to-Z and published in a choice of electronic or print formats
  • Although arranged A-to-Z, a Reader's Guide in the front matter groupsarticles by thematic areas
  • Front matter also includes a Chronology highlighting significant developments in this field
  • Allarticles conclude withFurther Readings and Cross References to related articles
  • Back matter includes an annotated Resource Guide to further research, a Glossary, Appendices (e.g., statistics on the amount and types of drugs prescribed, etc.), and adetailed Index
  • The Index, Reader’s Guide, and Cross References combine for search-and-browse capabilities in the electronic edition

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society is an authoritative and rigorous source addressing the pharmacology industry and how it influences society, making it a must-have reference for all academic libraries as a source for both students and researchers to utilize.

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Information

Publisher
SAGE Publications
ISBN
9781506346182
Edition
1
Topic
Medizin
Subtopic
Allgemeine Gesundheit

Index

Entry titles and their page numbers are in bold, and a volume number precedes the page number. Figures and tables are indicated with (fig.) and (table).

  • Abbott Laboratories, 1:1ā€“4
    • Abbott Diabetes Care, 1:3
    • acquisitions, 1:3
    • current status of, 1:3ā€“4
    • defining, 1:2
    • history of, 1:1ā€“2
    • Mylan and, 2:932ā€“933
    • products and devices by, 1:2ā€“3
    • Takeda and, 4:1347
  • AbbVie, 1:1, 1:3
  • Abel, John Jacob, 1:xxxi, 1:xxxvii, 2:723ā€“725
  • Abuse of prescription drugs, 1:4ā€“10. See also Addiction to prescription drugs; individual names of legislation
    • addiction to prescription drugs, 1:30ā€“38
    • adherence to prescription directions, 1:44ā€“49
    • in adolescents, 1:55ā€“56
    • amphetamines and, 1:102ā€“106
    • behavioral pharmacology and substance abuse, 1:260ā€“265
    • impact on society, 1:6, 1:8ā€“9
    • overview, 1:xxxiiiā€“xxxiv, 1:4ā€“5
    • perception of prescription drug abuse, 1:6ā€“7
    • psychotropic prescription drugs (PPDs), 1:43ā€“44 (See also ADHD drugs)
    • remedies for, 1:9ā€“10
    • types of abuse, 1:5ā€“6
    • types of drugs abused, 1:7ā€“8
    • youth drug use data, 4:1616 (table), 4:1617 (table), 4:1618 (table)
  • Acamprosate, 1:81, 1:82
  • Access to essential medicines as a human right: history, 1:11ā€“14
    • competing interests of consumers and producers, 1:12ā€“13
    • Heinz Dilemma, 1:11ā€“12
    • history of global processes and movements, 1:13ā€“14
  • Access to medicines (developing world), 1:14ā€“21
    • access to medicines, defined, 1:15ā€“16
    • challenge for de...

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Publisher Note
  4. Title Page
  5. Copyright Page
  6. Contents
  7. About the Editor
  8. Contributors
  9. Introduction
  10. A
  11. Abbott Laboratories
  12. Abuse of Prescription Drugs
  13. Access to Essential Medicines as a Human Right: History
  14. Access to Medicines (Developing World)
  15. Access to Medicines (Industrialized World)
  16. Acetaminophen Overdose Risk
  17. Actavis
  18. Addiction to Prescription Drugs
  19. ADHD Drugs
  20. Adherence to Prescription Directions
  21. Adjudicated Claims Data
  22. Adolescents
  23. Adverse Drug Events Reporting Systems
  24. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) and Adverse Events (AE)
  25. Advertising To Doctors
  26. Advertising to Patients
  27. African Americans
  28. AIDS/HIV Drugs
  29. Alcohol Cessation Drugs
  30. Allergan
  31. Aloe Vera (Herbal Medicine)
  32. American Board of Clinical Pharmacology
  33. American College of Clinical Pharmacy
  34. American Pharmacists Association
  35. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
  36. Amgen
  37. Amphetamines
  38. Anabolic Steroids (Sport)
  39. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (WHO)
  40. Animal Testing
  41. Antiaging Medicines
  42. Antianxiety Drugs
  43. Antiasthma Drugs
  44. Antibiotic Revolution, The
  45. Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
  46. Antibiotics
  47. Anticaries Drugs
  48. Anticholesterol Drugs
  49. Anticoagulants
  50. Anticonvulsant Drugs
  51. Antidepressants
  52. Antidiabetic Medications
  53. Anti-Doping Convention, Council of Europe
  54. Antihistamines
  55. Antihypertensive Drugs
  56. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
  57. Antimalarials
  58. Antiparasitic Drugs
  59. Antipsychiatry Movement
  60. Antipsychotics
  61. Antipyretic Drugs
  62. Appetite Depressants and Stimulants
  63. Arts: Prescription Drugs and Creativity
  64. Asian Americans
  65. Aspirin
  66. Astellas Pharma
  67. Astemizole (Hismanal) Controversy
  68. AstraZeneca
  69. Athletes
  70. Australia
  71. Austria
  72. Autism and Vaccines
  73. Ayurvedic Medicine
  74. B
  75. BALCO Scandal
  76. Baseball and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  77. Bath Salts (Synthetic Cathinones)
  78. Baxter International
  79. Bayer
  80. Behavioral Pharmacology and Substance Abuse
  81. Belgium
  82. Belladonna (Traditional Medicine/Poison)
  83. Beta-Blockers (Sport)
  84. Biogen Idec
  85. Biological Passport (Sport)
  86. Blood Doping
  87. Boehringer Ingelheim
  88. Boxing and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  89. British Pharmacological Society, The
  90. C
  91. Canada
  92. Canada: Variation in Prescription Drug Benefits by Province/Territory
  93. Canadian Provincial Databases
  94. Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
  95. Cancer, Drug Treatments for
  96. Canon Of Medicine, The (Avicenna)
  97. Cardiovascular Drugs
  98. Cardiovascular Pharmacology
  99. Celgene
  100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  101. Central Nervous System Depressants and Stimulants
  102. Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) Controversy
  103. Chamomile (Herbal Medicine)
  104. Chemical Fertilizers: Human Health Effects
  105. Chemoprevention
  106. Children
  107. Chili (Capsaicin)
  108. China
  109. Classical Pharmacology
  110. Clinical Field Studies
  111. Clinical Pharmacology
  112. Clinical Pharmacology: Developing Countries
  113. Clinical Pharmacology:Industrialized Countries
  114. Clinical Trials
  115. Clinical Trials, History of
  116. Club Drugs
  117. Cocaine
  118. Cognitive Enhancers
  119. Colombia
  120. Common Rule, The
  121. Comparative Effectiveness Research
  122. Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act (1996)
  123. Computer-Aided Drug Design
  124. Conscience Clause
  125. Controlled Substances Act
  126. Cosmetic Pharmacology
  127. Costa Rica
  128. Cost-Effectiveness Research
  129. Counterfeit Drugs/Medicines
  130. Cuban Society For Pharmacology
  131. Curandero
  132. Cycling and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  133. D
  134. Daiichi Sankyo
  135. Dartmouth College
  136. Declaration of Helsinki (1975)
  137. Decongestants
  138. Deinstitutionalization Movement
  139. Denmark
  140. DES (Diethylstilbestrol) Controversy
  141. Developing Countries, Residents of
  142. Diffusion of New Pharmaceutical Drugs
  143. Digitalis
  144. Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course
  145. Discrimination in Prescribing Practice
  146. Disease Concept of Addiction: History
  147. Disease Management
  148. Diuretics
  149. Diuretics and Masking Agents (Sport)
  150. Dosage Safety Measures
  151. Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
  152. Drug Allergies
  153. Drug Discovery and Development
  154. Drug Enforcement Administration (U.S.)
  155. Drug Interactions
  156. Drug Labeling: Developing World
  157. Drug Labeling: Industrialized World
  158. Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
  159. Drug Testing, High School and College Athletes (U.S.)
  160. Drug Testing, Olympic Athletes (Overview)
  161. Drug Testing, Professional Athletes (Overview)
  162. Drug-Resistant Diseases
  163. Drugs as Study AIDS
  164. E
  165. Efalizumab (Raptiva) Controversy
  166. Egbogi (Traditional Yoruba Medicine)
  167. Eisai
  168. Elderly People
  169. Eli Lilly
  170. ENCePP Database (European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance)
  171. Endocrine Pharmacology
  172. Ephedra (Herbal Medicine)
  173. EPO (Erythropoietin)
  174. Equity Pricing of Essential Medicines
  175. Ethics of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sport
  176. Ethnobotany
  177. EudraCT (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials)
  178. EudraPharm (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmaceutical Database)
  179. European Medicines Agency
  180. F
  181. False Claims Act (ā€œLincoln Lawā€)
  182. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
  183. Fen-Phen (Fenfluramine/Phentermine) Controversy
  184. Fertility Control
  185. Fertility Control: History
  186. Fertility Drugs
  187. Fluoridation (Drinking Water)
  188. Food Additives
  189. Food and Drug Administration (U.S.)
  190. Football (American) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  191. France
  192. G
  193. Game of Shadows (Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams)
  194. Gastric Drugs
  195. Genentech
  196. General Practice Research Database (UK)
  197. Generic Medicines
  198. Geographic Variation in Prescribing Practices
  199. Germany
  200. Gilead Sciences
  201. Ginseng (Herbal Medicine)
  202. Glucocorticosteroids (Sport)
  203. Gray Market Drugs
  204. H
  205. Hallucinogens
  206. Harm Reduction Policies
  207. Health Care Fraud: United States
  208. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)
  209. Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)
  210. Heroin
  211. Heroin-Assisted Treatment
  212. Hispanic Americans
  213. History of Pharmacological Treatments for Mental Health
  214. History of Pharmacology: Ancient China
  215. History of Pharmacology: Ancient Egypt
  216. History of Pharmacology: Europe
  217. History of Pharmacology: Europe, Middle Ages
  218. History of Pharmacology: U.S., Colonial Period to 1865
  219. History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1865 to 1900
  220. History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1900 to 1945
  221. History of Pharmacology: U.S., 1945 to Present
  222. History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Africa
  223. History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Europe
  224. History of Pharmacy as a Profession: Middle East
  225. History Of Pharmacy as a Profession: United States
  226. HMO Research Network (19 Regional Health Care Delivery Organizations)
  227. Homeopathy
  228. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
  229. Hospice Treatment
  230. Hospital Administrative Data
  231. Human Subjects Research: Standards and Protections
  232. Human Subjects Research in Developing Countries
  233. Hypnotics and Sedatives
  234. I
  235. Ibogaine
  236. Immigrants and Refugees
  237. India
  238. Indigenous And Ethnic Minorities: Aotearoa New Zealand
  239. Inhalants
  240. Intellectual Property Rights
  241. International Opium Convention (1912)
  242. International Pharmaceutical Federation
  243. International Society For Ethnopharmacology
  244. International Society For Pharmacoepidemiology
  245. International Society Of Regulatory Toxicology And Pharmacology
  246. J
  247. Jamu (Traditional Indonesian Medicine)
  248. Japan
  249. Johnson & Johnson
  250. K
  251. Kampo (Traditional Japanese Medicine)
  252. Karolinska Institute (Sweden)
  253. Kefauver-Harris Amendments (1962)
  254. Khat
  255. Kingā€™s College London
  256. L
  257. Legal Issues in Testing for Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  258. Lethal Injection
  259. Levamisole (Ergamisol) Controversy
  260. Lifestyle Drugs
  261. Low-Income People
  262. Low-Literacy and Illiterate People
  263. LSD
  264. Lyme Disease, Treatments for
  265. M
  266. Mail-Order Pharmacies
  267. Marketed Health Products Directorate (Canada)
  268. Mass Drug Administration
  269. Materia Medica
  270. MDMA (Ecstasy)
  271. Me Too Drugs
  272. Medicaid: Prescription Drug Benefits
  273. Medicaid and Medicare Systems
  274. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
  275. Medical Marijuana Legislation (Canada)
  276. Medical Marijuana Legislation (Europe)
  277. Medical Marijuana Legislation (Israel)
  278. Medical Marijuana Legislation (U.S.)
  279. Medicare: Prescription Drug Benefits
  280. Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
  281. Medication Errors
  282. Medication Therapy Management (MTM)
  283. Medicinal Plant Species Threatened with Extinction
  284. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK)
  285. Men
  286. Mental Health Parity
  287. Merck
  288. Methamphetamine
  289. Methaqualone (Quaalude) Controversy
  290. Mexico
  291. Military Pharmaceutical Issues
  292. MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
  293. Muti (Traditional Southern African Medicine)
  294. Mylan
  295. N
  296. Narcotic Antagonists
  297. Narcotics (Prescription)
  298. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH)
  299. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH)
  300. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
  301. National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
  302. Native Americans/Alaska Natives
  303. Native Hawaiā€˜ians/Pacific Islanders
  304. Naturopathy
  305. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  306. Netherlands
  307. Neuro-Enhancement Through Pharmacy
  308. Neuropharmacology
  309. Nganga (Traditional African Healers)
  310. Nicotine
  311. Nomifensine (Merital, Alival) Controversy
  312. Noonday Demon, The: An Atlas of Depression (Andrew Solomon)
  313. Normal: Definitions and Controversy
  314. Novo Nordisk
  315. Nutritional Supplements: History
  316. Nycomed
  317. O
  318. Off-Label Use of Pharmaceuticals
  319. Olympics, Summer: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  320. Olympics, Winter: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  321. Online Pharmacies
  322. Opiate Replacement Programs
  323. Opioid Prescription Abuse, Misuse, and Overuse
  324. Opium (Herbal Medicine)
  325. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
  326. Orphan Diseases, Drugs for
  327. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
  328. P
  329. Pain Control
  330. Pain Disorders
  331. Patient Activism
  332. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
  333. Patient Rights
  334. PCP (Drug of Abuse)
  335. Pediatric Rule (U.S., 1998)
  336. Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Sports: History
  337. Pesticides: Human Health Effects
  338. Pfizer
  339. Pharmaceutical Benefits within Health Insurance Plans: U.S.
  340. Pharmaceutical Fraud
  341. Pharmaceutical Law
  342. Pharmaceutical Policy: International Cooperation
  343. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
  344. Pharmacists: Training and Certification
  345. Pharmacoeconomics
  346. Pharmacogenomics
  347. Pharmacoinformatics
  348. Pharmacology for Africa Initiative
  349. Pharmacology to Control and Punish
  350. Pharmacovigilance
  351. Pharmacy Benefit Managers
  352. Pharmacy Technicians: Training and Certification
  353. PHARMO Record Linkage System (The Netherlands)
  354. Phenacetin Controversy
  355. Phenformin (Azucaps) Controversy
  356. Philippines
  357. Phytochemicals
  358. Polio Eradication Campaign
  359. Polypharmacy
  360. Prescription Drug Approval Process: Asia
  361. Prescription Drug Approval Process: Australia
  362. Prescription Drug Approval Process: Canada
  363. Prescription Drug Approval Process: Europe
  364. Prescription Drug Approval Process: U.S.
  365. Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)
  366. Prescription-Event Monitoring (PEM) Database (University of Portsmouth, UK)
  367. Prescriptive Authority
  368. Prison Pharmaceutical Issues
  369. Procter & Gamble
  370. Project Bioshield Act (2004)
  371. Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet) Controversy
  372. Pseudoephedrine, Restriction of Access to
  373. Psilocybin
  374. Psychopharmacology
  375. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
  376. Q
  377. Quality of Life Research
  378. R
  379. Race-Based Pharmaceuticals
  380. Racial Minorities: Asia
  381. Racial Minorities: Canada
  382. Racial Minorities: Caribbean
  383. Racial Minorities: Europe
  384. Racial Minorities: Latin America
  385. RAND Health Insurance Experiment (1974ā€“1982)
  386. Rational Drug Design
  387. Rational Prescribing
  388. Reimportation of Prescription Drugs
  389. Rimonabant (Acomplia) Controversy
  390. Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Controversy
  391. Russia
  392. RxNorm (National Library of Medicine)
  393. S
  394. Safety Pharmacology Society
  395. Salvia (Drug of Abuse)
  396. Sanofi-Aventis
  397. Scheduled Drugs (U.S.)
  398. SCHIP (State Childrenā€™s Health Insurance Program): Prescription Drug Benefits
  399. Sex Offenders, Pharmacological Interventions for
  400. Sex Reassignment Therapy and Prescription Drugs
  401. Sexual Minorities
  402. Shooting Sports and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  403. Siddha Medicine (Dravidian Culture)
  404. Singapore
  405. Sinopharm Group Company Limited
  406. Smallpox Eradication
  407. Smoking Cessation Drugs
  408. Smuggling of Drugs of Abuse
  409. Smuggling of Prescription Drugs
  410. South Africa
  411. State-Sponsored Sports Doping Programs
  412. Stimulants (Sport)
  413. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
  414. Sunscreening Agents
  415. Swimming and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  416. Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology
  417. Switzerland
  418. Synthetic Marijuana
  419. T
  420. Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
  421. Technology and Pharmacy Practice
  422. Tennis and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  423. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
  424. Thalidomide (Contergan) Controversy
  425. Therapeutic Use Exemption (Performance-Enhancing Drugs)
  426. Title X Family Planning Program (1970)
  427. Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (Jamison)
  428. Track and Field and Performance-Enhancing Drugs
  429. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Africa
  430. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Australia and New Zealand
  431. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Canada
  432. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: East Asia
  433. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Europe
  434. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: Latin America
  435. Traditional And Herbal Medicines, Regulation: South Asia
  436. Traditional and Herbal Medicines, Regulation: United States
  437. Traditional Medicine: Australia (Bush Medicine)
  438. Traditional Medicine: Central America
  439. Traditional Medicine: China
  440. Traditional Medicine: Native American Tribes
  441. Traditional Medicine: South Africa
  442. Traditional Medicine: South America
  443. Traditional Medicine: Tibet
  444. Traditional Medicine: Vietnam
  445. Tranquilizers
  446. Translational Pharmacology
  447. TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), Doha Declaration, and TRIPS Plus
  448. Trovafloxacin (Trovan) Controversy
  449. Tuskegee Experiment
  450. Tylenol Tampering Case
  451. U
  452. Unani (Muslim Traditional Medicine)
  453. United Kingdom
  454. United States: 1800 to 1850
  455. United States: 1851 to 1900
  456. United States: 1901 to 1950
  457. United States: 1951 to Present
  458. University of California, San Diego
  459. University of California, San Francisco
  460. University of Oxford
  461. University of Toronto
  462. University of Washington
  463. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency
  464. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention
  465. V
  466. Vaccination: National and International Programs
  467. Vaccines
  468. Valerian (Herbal Medicine)
  469. Venereal Disease Treatment: History
  470. Venereal Diseases, Treatments For
  471. Veterans Administration (U.S.): Prescription Drug Benefits
  472. Veterinary Pharmacology
  473. W
  474. Water Pollution (Prescription Drugs)
  475. WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines
  476. Women
  477. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
  478. World Health Organization
  479. Y
  480. Yellow Card Scheme
  481. Z
  482. Zero-Tolerance Drug Policies
  483. Zimelidine (Zelmid) Controversy
  484. Glossary
  485. Resource Guide
  486. References
  487. References
  488. References
  489. Appendix Primary Documents
  490. Index