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INVESTING IS A SCIENCE
Seek simplicity, and distrust it.
âAlfred North Whitehead
. . . but somebody said, âI donât believe it,â and we had an interesting conversation because I said, âYou donât have the option not to believe. Believing is not optional. If you accept that this is replicated science, then belief is obligatory.â
âDaniel Kahneman1
If we want to see investing clearly, one of the first things we must do is view its foundationsâthe ideas investing is supposedly built upon. This first chapter is going to be a doozy. In it, weâre going to take a careful look at science and mathematicsâtwo subjects that serve as the foundations of modern knowledge, especially for investingâand debunk them. Well, not fully debunk, really. More like cast serious doubts on them both as panaceas for investing knowledge.
Math and science are, at their core, philosophies. They are ways of seeing the world; they are not some rules about the world weâve discovered. I realize that will sound blasphemous to many. But as we uncover the inherent limitationsâand benefitsâof math and science, much will be uncovered about how exactly stock markets and investing work.
APOLLOâS ARROW SHOT CROOKED
In the Greek Pantheon, Apollo was the god of reason. He represents light and the sun, truth and prophecy. He carries a bow and arrowâa master archerâand shot straight and true. He is an oracular godâthe bringer of truths and clear vision.
And Apollo lives today! His spirit pervades the western world, dominating our way of thought through math and scienceâour religions of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Science and math are great things. But we put far too much faith in them. Like all methods, philosophies, and theories, there are flaws. Math isnât perfect; science can skew us. The limitations of both are prevalent in investing.
I call science and math âreligionsâ because they tend to conjure a kind of faith in us. We âbelieveâ they give us truths about the world as if they are an eternal set of rules weâve discovered. Todayâs hyper-rational faith has led many to believe in a deterministic, predictable, clock-like universe that always moves in a straight line according to set rules. We only need to discover them. As a culture, we tend to bow at the altar of science the same as Greeks bowed to the Oracle at Delphi or prayed to Apollo thousands of years ago.
Math and science are great things, but theyâre not worth our undying faith. Thatâs the Apollonian impulse. Instead, it may be better to think of them as excellent methods of describing what happens in the world.
Math and science are great things, but theyâre not worth our undying faith.
Most investment knowledge is predicated on math and science. This chapter wonât dismiss either, but it will provide a different perspective to help us see both in a way that helps us invest better. They are not religions, but useful ways of seeing the world sometimes by breaking down or contradicting reality. Good science holds skepticism as its highest valueâthat is what we wish to cultivate. Even to be skeptical about science itself! Often enough, mathematical theories contradict or compute results that simply do not translate into reality. As neuroscientist Jonah Lehrer said, âNo truth is perfect, that doesnât mean all truths are equally imperfect.â The findings of science are the best we have at objective knowing, but that doesnât mean they are a panacea.
Sometimes, Apolloâs arrow of knowledge is shot crooked.
DIONYSUSâMORE THAN JUST A GOOD VINTNER
Somewhat in opposition to Apollo, there was always Dionysus. He is the god of wine, the inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, the messiness of life and its sometimes chaotic nature. Dionysus represents that which we cannot compute or rationalize but nevertheless is. He is the âliberatorâ from pure reason.
Dionysus was a popular Greek deity, but in todayâs world heâs pushed to the fringeâthe god of wine and frivolity, fun and spirits. (Many know him best by his Roman name, Bacchus, the root of âbacchanalia.â) We dare not let him into the fray of our work or allow him to dwell in the investment worldâhe might disrupt this rational and ordered territory we believe in so deeply!
If we cut the brain down the center into two hemispheres (right and left), weâd find that differing sides serve different functionsâreason on one side and creativity on another. (This is, of course, a gross generalization and both hemispheres hold parts of each, but nonetheless is generally true.)
The left brain is traditionally logical, sequential, rational, analytical, objective, and tends to break things apart to look at the constituents instead of the whole. The right brain is more intuitive and holistic (it sees things as a whole instead of parts, synthesizing and subjective). The right brain is where we think abstractly, where the imagination resides. The rightâs flighty creativity can be disruptive to the leftâs desire for rationality. Today, most believe Dionysusâthe messiness of creativityâis a figure to be overcome, not embraced. But this is wrongâboth the creative and the logical are valid and important modes of thought for investing.
We tend to favor one side over another, but most everyone has the capacity to utilize both. Thinking with both sides of the brain can readily create paradoxesâwe can see things as a whole, or just the parts; we can see something rationally, or colored with imagination. We can see things from many perspectives. So the brain itself is capable of these different ways of thinking and can create its own paradoxes.
The distinction between the right and left brains is something like the problems between Apollo and Dionysus. Taking in as many viewpoints as possible and assimilating them all is the way to better thinking and investingâit is the heart of true inquiry. Throughout this book, we will attempt to shift perspectives and see things in ways many fail to.
We ultimately cannot reason very well without Dionysus. Abstract thinking, imagination, and creativity are not paltry thingsâthey are essential for good investing. We cannot, nor would we wish to, be computers. There is no advancing of thought or discovery of new things without the imaginative component and the ability to change perspective. No inspiration for new investing paradigms ever came without a dose of imagination.
No inspiration for new investing paradigms ever came without a dose of imagination.
Investors tend to have a near dogmatic belief that purely left-brain thinking is the optimal way to approach investmentsâcheck the data, run the analysis, and so on. This is true enough insofar as it goes. Market analysts are usually hyper-developed in the logical modes of linear thinking. But itâs very much worth noting those usually thrown into the âgeniusâ category were highly developed creative thinkers too. And weâre not talking about artistsâitâs true for the sciences as well.
My favorite examples are physicists: Carl Sagan, Richard Feynman, Albert Einstein. In particular, I have read Richard Feynmanâs autobiography, Surely Youâre Joking, Mr. Feynman!, many timesâwhenever I need to remember the importance of developing many types of intelligence to be good at what I do. Mr. Feynman, along with being a Nobel-winning physicist, also was a painter and noted player of the bongo drums. Carl Sagan was well known for the almost child-like wonder and glee he got from contemplating the possibilities and mysteries of the cosmos.
In any case, what separated the great physicists from the pack wasnât the mathematics they knew (they all at least had a few peers in that), but their creativity. Each had an uncanny ability to imagine and associate their knowledge, to put ideas together in ways no one had before and create new insight. Einstein himself often regarded his imagination as tantamount or superior to his rote math skills. (Of the many biographies of Einstein out there, I prefer to read the quirky but fascinating writings from the man himself: The World As I See It and Ideas and Opinions are two good options.)
Einstein was a terrible investor, but his method of thinking holds true for investing. A dirty little secret about great investors is that theyâre all tremendously creative thinkers. It rarely looks that way to the public because most put on airs of being rigid, starched, disciplined, linear thinkers. After all, most folks want nothing but the most âcomputer-likeâ minds to manage their money! But the fact is, the only way to get an insightâto know something others donât knowâis to have huge and deep creative thinking about the world that mustâby definitionâdefy convention.
The fruits of creativity (new ideas) come less often from some sudden insight (as we tend to romanticize it), but rather from many small insights building upon one another after many thousands of hours of labor and thinking.
USE THE METHOD, NOT THE DOGMA
That said, if the behavioral sciences have taught us anything, itâs that our natural brain wiring can cause biases and distorted views of the world. This is sometimes referred to as the issue of grounding, which means if we know our senses can deceive us, how do we know where deception ends and truth begins? How can we âgroundâ ourselves to a clear perspective? Do our brains deceive us about everything? Or just a few things? If we could just get some foothold on reality, perhaps we could be grounded enough to be both rational and objective in their due course.
Here is where science comes in. The best answer we have to the problem of grounding is science. Science can provide us that âfoundationâ of knowledge, revealing to us through experiment and objective results, verified over and again, how something works in the world. Itâs the method of science that we are after to become better investors, not its dogmatic claims to truth.
I THINK, THEREFORE I INVEST
Most have heard of Descartes and his famous proclamation âI think therefore I am.â Philosophers call this turn of phrase the cogito. Either way, itâs an important statement for how scientific thought is done. Particularly for investing methodology, the cogito is the foundational statement of objective thought.
Objectivity is the opposite of subjectivity. Subjectivity is the idea you can only see things from your point of view, with your own personal biases and ego. We are stuck inside ourselvesâthereâs no other way to see things except through our own eyes. Thatâs a problem because we know biases and emotions can sabotage our thinking and lead us to act wrongly. Neuroscientists have known for years we canât think without emotionâall thinking has emotion wrapped up in it in some way. This means we cannot surmount subjectivity since we cannot escape our brains. So how can we go outside ourselves and surmount our inherent subjectivity?
Descartes was among the first to make a formal statement attempting to separate oneself from the world and acknowledge the world inside our heads and the world outside our heads is different. This is objectivity.
Why is objectivity important for investing? It forces us to acknowledge a framework outside our biased and subjective selvesâthe point of the scientific method. Science helps us systemically and objectively (as possible) attack problems.
I know of no investing success storyâeverâthat achieved riches by trusting intuition and emotion over the long run. But I do know the world is chock full of many who got poorer that way. Your brain needs a system or framework that disallows personal biases and intuitions to interfere. We should strive to be as objective as we can be about how we observe the world. The framework you set for yourself will influence all your conclusions. Academics sometimes call it heuristics (more on this in Chapter 8). I just call it clarity.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Descartes may have brought us a long way in articulating objectivity, but just what is it exactly in the real world? Is it following the right procedures? Is it an attribute of the personâlike emotional detachment? Luckily, Francis Bacon had an answer.
Bacon wrote the Novum Organum (Latin for âNew Instrumentâ) in 1620. Many considered Bacon a philosopher, but he didnât propose a new philosophyârather, a new method of thinking and gaining knowledge. He deemphasized human intuition and feelings, asserting that one should proceed through inductive reasoning from facts. He wrote, âThe cause and root of nearly all evils in the sciences is thisâthat while we falsely admire and extol the powers of the human mind we neglect to seek for its true helps.â
Bacon declared that the thinker must free the mind from certain false notions or tendencies that distort the truth. Bacon called these âidols.â He named four types of idols, or biases, a person can have:
⢠Idols of the Tribe: These are biases all people haveânatural, inborn instincts. For example, fear is an emotion, arising in everyone in the presence of danger.
⢠Idols of the Den: These are beliefs a person comes to believe on their own through subjective experience. People often mistake their personal experiences for the larger whole.
⢠Idols of the Marketplace: These are biases that stem from the misuse and misunderstanding of language and other forms of communication. (Think about it, we misunderstand each other through e-mail and speech daily!)
⢠Idols of the Theatre: These result from an abuse of authority where people are led to believe dictums of the state by virtue of author...