Then we went to Israel. It took about five seconds for each of us to realize that what we thought was âJewishâ was just one small segment of a much bigger pictureâlike finding out that kissing isnât all there is to love. There were (and are) blond Jews, Middle-Eastern Jews, Asian Jews, Black Jews, Latino Jews, Jews who looked like Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Jews who looked like Britney Spears. Boy, did we feel stupid.
The Jewish Tribe
Judaism isnât a race or even a particular culture or ethnic group. There are about 13 or 14 million Jews spread around the world, including about 6 million in the United States and about 5 million in Israelâso Judaism obviously isnât âa nation.â And, if youâre anything like us, you know more Jews who donât believe in God or practice Jewish observances than those who do, so being Jewish doesnât necessarily have anything to do with religion.
So what does it mean to be Jewish? Here are the basics:
Being
Jewish (being âa
Jewâ) means youâre a Member of the Tribe (an M-O-T). The tribe started with a couple named Abraham and Sarah about 4,000 years ago, it grew over time, and itâs still here today. You can become part of the Jewish tribe in two ways: By being born to a Jewish mother or joining through a series of rituals (called
converting). Some folks think there are other ways of becoming a Jew, too; we cover that later in this chapter.
Judaism is a set of beliefs, practices, and ethics based on the Torah (see Chapter 3). You can practice Judaism and not be Jewish, and you can be a Jew and not practice Judaism.
Whatâs in a name?
The word âJewishâ doesnât appear in the Bible at all. For example, the folks who came out of slavery in Egypt in the Book of Exodus (see Chapter 10) were called âHebrewsâ or âChildren of Israel,â and they each belonged to one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Ten of the 12 tribes were dispersed by the Assyrians in the eighth century B.C.E. (see Chapter 10), but the tribe of Judah and the smaller tribe of Benjamin remained as the Southern Kingdom known as Judea.
When Judea fell to the Babylonians, and the people were taken into exile, they became known as the Judah-ites (Yehudim), since they were the people of Judah (Yehudah). In Hebrew, the name Yehudim persists today and simply means âJews.â The religion they practiced was later called âJudah-ismââwhich became âJudaism.â We prefer to pronounce this word âJudah-ismâ rather than âJude-ismâ or âJudy-ismâ â unless youâre talking about Judy Garland.
Jews far and wide
The Jewish people have always tended to fan out across the known world. Thereâs evidence that even centuries before Jesus, there were Jewish communities along the North African and East African coasts, in Europe, and throughout Asia. Jews were among the first people to come to the Americas from Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some evidence suggests that there was at least one Jew aboard the ship with Columbus (and some people suspect that Columbus himself was a Jew).
Everywhere the Jews went, they grew through intermarriage and converts, andâmost importantlyâthey kept their basic religion while adopting the culture and norms of the local area. Thatâs why up to 20 percent of Jews descended from European ancestors have blue eyes, and why some Jews are Black, Hispanic, or Asian. Itâs also why a Jew from New York looks different and acts different than a Jew from Bombay, but each one could probably fumble along with most of the otherâs Shabbat service (see Chapter 17).
Similarly, Jewish food, music, and humor from Iraq and Yemen is much more Arabic in nature than the Spanish flavor of Jews from Brazil and Argentina, which is different than the borscht soup and klezmer music of Jews from Europe. They even all speak Hebrew with different dialects! Jews just donât fit any set of stereotypes or expectations.
And yet, all Jews are inextricably linked together simply by being Jewish. Perhaps itâs a common practice and belief in Judaism; perhaps itâs a common sense of history, or a shared sense of being an outsider from the broader culture. Or perhaps itâs a deep, innate feeling of connection to the tribe.
Rampant controversy
The first thing the new government of Israel did when it came to power in 1948 was pass the Law of Return, which states that anyone born of a Jewish mother or anyone who has converted to Judaism can move to Israel and claim citizenship. This immediately re-ignited a controversy that began much earlier and continues to this day: Who gets to say whether or not someone is really Jewish?
Whether someone practiced Judaism wasnât an issue for citizenship, because Israel was founded for the most part by secular Jews. But what about people born Jewish who had been raised as Christians or Muslims, or who practiced another religion? Some say you have to not only identify yourself as Jewish, but also not practice any other religion. Others say this has nothing to do with it and point out that the Nazis killed thousands of people who were Jewish by birth but practiced some other religion.
And what about people who convert? To most Jews, someone who converts to Judaism is no different than someone who was born Jewish. However, not everyone sees it that way. In the next section, we discuss the various denominations of Judaism, including the Orthodox Jews who refuse to acknowledge the conversion of anyone converted by a Reform or Conservative rabbi.
Many people say, âIâm half Jewishâ (if one parent is Jewish) or âIâm a quarter-Jewishâ (if one grandparent is Jewish). Traditional Jews argue that either youâre Jewish or youâre not. To them, if your motherâs mother was Jewish, then your mother is Jewish, and if your mother is Jewish, then youâre Jewish. Many liberal Jews believe that if only your father is Jewish and you were raised Jewish, then youâre Jewish, too.
Black and Jewish
In most synagogues in the world, itâs rare to see someone of African descent. Sure, thereâs the occasional convert, like Sammy Davis Jr., but on the whole, Jews tend to be either white- or olive-skinned (Middle-Eastern). However, there are over 100,000 Black Jews around the world, including many Jews from Ethiopia who were airlifted to Israel between the late 1970s and early 1990s. The Ethiopian Jews, who were largely cut off from the rest of world Jewry for millennia, practiced a form of Judaism that hadnât changed since pre-Talmudic times. Note that while these people are sometimes called âFalashas,â that name has become somewhat derogatory, and âEthiopian Jewsâ or âBeta Israelâ is preferable. In addition, some African-Americans call themselves Black Jews, Hebrews, or Israelites. Many of these people are very observant of rituals and traditions, read and write Hebrew, and have identified themselves as Jews their whole lives.
After all, itâs a small world
Jews have long spread out to the corners of the world, so there are significant Jewish communities (over 100,000 people) in France, Australia, Argentina, and South Africa. In America, most people think all the Jews live in big cities like New York (where there are 1,750,000 Jews). But many also live in the âWild Westâ states like Wyoming, the deep south states like Louisiana, and everywhere in-between.
In fact, not only are there far more Jewish people living outside of Israel than within today, it has been this way for over 2,500 years. However, most Jews today identify with one of two groups: Ashkenazi and Sephardi.
Ashkenazi
The descendants of Jews who, until around 1900, lived anywhere from northwest Europe (like France and Germany) to eastern Europe (like Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania) are usually called Ashkenazi (pronounced âahsh-ke-NAH-zee;â Ashkenazim is plural). The majority of Jews in the world are Ashkenazi.
Sephardi
The descendants of Jews who lived in Spain up until the fifteenth century are called Sephardi (pronounced âseh-FAR-dee;â Sephardim is plural). After the ex...