The Internet of Everything

Advances, Challenges and Applications

Nilanjan Dey, Gitanjali Shinde, Parikshit Mahalle, Henning Olesen

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9783110625783
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Informatica
• Subtopic: Intelligenza artificiale (IA) e semantica

In the era before IoT, the world wide web, internet, web 2.0 and social media made people's lives comfortable by providing web services and enabling access personal data irrespective of their location. Further, to save time and improve efficiency, there is a need for machine to machine communication, automation, smart computing and ubiquitous access to personal devices. This need gave birth to the phenomenon of Internet of Things (IoT) and further to the concept of Internet of Everything (IoE).

This book aims to present different aspects of IoE, challenges faced by IoE and its applications, divided into 8 chapters. This multifaceted coverage of the various verticals and IoT layers is the main attraction of this book.

1 Adaptive routing for emergency communication via MANET

Manjusha Deshmukh

Sangeeta Kakarwal

Abstract

In the past, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) have emerged due to their wide applicability in the field of disaster recovery, police operations, crowd management, emergency and military operations such as battle fields. Furthermore, through the advent of sensor-enabled intelligent mobile devices, MANETs have become a crucial element in the framework of Internet of things (IoT) and smart city developments. MANET is a decentralized system consisting of mobile nodes capable of forming a self-configurable, infrastructure-less and continuously evolving network. The lack of infrastructure empowers each mobile node to accomplish routing operation to confirm connectivity in MANET. Therefore, routing in MANET is an interesting operation. Most of the routing protocols used MANET as the basic broadcasting mechanism for flooding. In flooding, in order to find the route from source to destination, the packet is broadcasted to the neighboring nodes which in turn broadcast it to its neighboring nodes and this process sustains until the packet reaches to the destination. This neighborhood processing in MANET leads to broadcast storm problem. Traditional broadcast schemes have been presented to avoid broadcast storms by inhibiting some rebroadcasts. Another issue is the link failures caused by node mobility and energy exhaustion. In this chapter, we introduce a novel energy-efficient counter-based scheme and extend the scheme to reflect the mobility of node into an account to address these network challenges of MANET. In the proposed scheme, the decision of broadcasting is taken based on neighborhood, mobility and the energy of mobile nodes. The simulation results reveal that proposed schemes decrease the packet loss, the latency time and achieve lower energy consumption, better packet delivery and throughput when compared to ad hoc on-demand distance vector and hybrid counter-based broadcast routing protocol.

Keywords: MANET, CBB, emergency communications, broadcasting, energy-based schemes,

1.1 Introduction

Recently, the wireless network has allured much concentration from researchers because of the technological growth of wireless communication. The wireless network can be categorized into two types: infrastructured and infrastructure-less. In infrastructured wireless networks, the wireless mobile nodes communicate with access points that are attached to the fixed infrastructure. Nowadays, we already have over a dozen widespread infrastructured wireless networks in use: global system for mobile communications, universal mobile telecommunications service, wireless local loop, wireless local area network and others. In infrastructure-less or ad hoc wireless network, the wireless mobile nodes function as routers to confirm connectivity among the mobile nodes. These wireless mobile nodes establish a spontaneous network to interchange information without relying on any preexistent fixed infra-infrastructure. Various infrastructure-less networks are available, which include mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), wireless sensor networks (WSN), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) and flying ad hoc networks (FANET) [l–3]. A WSN is an infrastructure-less network of physically scattered self-governing devices using sensors to observe physical or environmental conditions. Furthermore, in the Internet of things (IoT), the WSNs become greatly popular [4]. VAHNET is an infrastructure-less network of smart vehicles set up with wireless devices [5]. FANET is an infrastructure-less network of a group of tiny flying vehicles equipped with camera, sensor and GPS [6]. The MANET is the most commonly used cost-effective infrastructure-less network. The wireless mobile nodes in MANET establish communication by forming a self-configurable and continuously evolving network [7]. The continuously changing and self-evolving feature of MANETs makes them most suitable for emergency communications. In emergency situations, during natural calamities such as earthquake, flood, tsunami and hurricanes, or man-made calamities such as terrorist attack and bomb blasts, the quick infrastructured network could be completely disrupted. Eventually, the rapid response and coordinated assistance become saturated and unmanageable. The MANET plays a vital role in the smooth conduction of rescue operations after the natural or man-made calamities [8].

Furthermore, through the advent of sensor-enabled smart mobile devices, MANETs have become a crucial element in the framework of smart city and IoT scenarios [9]. In addition, incorporation of multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) technology with MANET can enhance the performance of communication process in hazardous surroundings [10]. The framework of IoT with the keystone as an identity of wireless mobile computing devices has become the foundation for incorporating security methods such as authentication and authorization [11, 12]. The diverse applications of MANET received potential attention toward efficient network creation in MANET. The continuously evolving and uncertain behavior of MANETs makes routing a more interesting facet to emphasize upon [13]. Broadcasting is the most fundamental operation used for routing in MANET. Flooding is the elementary operation used for broadcasting in MANET. In flooding, when a node gets the broadcast packet relay on the packet to all its neighbors; in return, these neighbors get a broadcast packet relay on the packet to its neighbors. This process of relaying on the packet sustains until all reachable nodes in the network get the packet. The packets flood the network gradually and hence cause redundant broadcasts, collisions and contention problem in the network. Such a severe problem is collectively known as broadcast storm problem (BSP) [14]. The fundamental solution on BSP is to minimize the number of redundant packets. There are several enhanced schemes that inhibit some nodes from broadcasting the packets through the network with the aim to reduce the impact of BSP. The flooding is simple to implement but it suffers not only from BSP and also incurs high energy consumption in the network.

The continuous mobilit...

Table of contents

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Introduction
• 1 Adaptive routing for emergency communication via MANET
• 2 Partial face recognition using image fusion
• 3 Threat analysis and attack modeling for machine-to-machine communication toward Internet of things
• 4 Security issues and trust management schemes in Internet of things
• 5 Users’ privacy at online social networks in Indian context: comprehensive multiaged group survey and discussion
• 6 Early prediction of breast cancer from mammogram images using classification methods: a comparison
• 7 Deep brain monitoring using implantable sensor and microcontroller: a review
• 8 Enhancement path assured transfer protocol to transmit urgent data