The SAC Classification in Implant Dentistry

Anthony Dawson, Steven Chen

• Publisher: Quintessence Publishing
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781850973492
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Dentistry

Implant dentistry is now an integral part of everyday dental practice; however, most dentists receive their education in implant dentistry after graduation, with little emphasis on the identification of the complexity and risks of treatment. Since 2003 the International Team for Implantology (ITI) has recommended the SAC Classification to categorize implant treatment procedures into three levels of difficulty-straightforward, advanced, and complex. In 2007 the ITI organized a conference to standardize the application of the SAC classification, the conclusions of which are presented in this volume. This invaluable resource will help clinicians identify treatment complexity and risk before treating a patient, thereby improving the predictability and success of their outcomes.

1   An Introduction to the SAC Classification

A. Dawson, S. Chen, D. Buser

1.1 Introduction

Over the past 15 years, implant dentistry has progressed to become the standard of care for the rehabilitation of fully and partially edentulous patients. Clinical and technological advances have led to an expansion of the indications for implant therapy, providing increased opportunities for dental practitioners to become involved in the delivery of care. Along with these advances there has been an increase in the complexity of treatment being recommended to patients. This has increased the need for clinicians in the field of implant dentistry to be able to provide surgical and restorative therapy at an appropriate level of care.

It has long been recognized that clinical situations present with different levels of difficulty, and with different degrees of risk for esthetic, restorative and surgical complications. To date, there is no widely accepted classification system in implant dentistry aimed at defining the level of treatment complexity and the potential for complications. To assist clinicians in evaluating the degree of difficulty of individual cases, the International Team for Implantology (ITI) organized a Consensus Conference in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, from March 13^th to 15^th, 2007. The aim of the conference was to provide guidelines for various types of restorative and surgical cases based on a system referred to as the Straightforward, Advanced and Complex classification system (SAC).

These guidelines will provide clinicians with a reference for selecting appropriate cases and planning implant therapy. As well, this book will serve as a useful tool for academics wishing to design implant training programs with incremental levels of difficulty.

1.2 List of Consensus Conference Participants

This text documents the proceedings of a SAC Consensus Conference held by the International Team for Implantology (ITI) in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, over the period March 13^th to 15^th, 2007. The following individuals contributed to the consensus statements of this conference and the content of this publication:

Urs Belser Switzerland

Daniele Botticelli Italy

Daniel Buser Switzerland

Stephen Chen Australia

Luca Cordaro Italy

Anthony Dawson Australia

Anthony Dickinson Australia

Javier G. Fabrega Spain

Andreas Feloutzis Greece

Kerstin Fischer Sweden

Christoph Hämmerle Switzerland

Timothy Head Canada

Frank Higginbottom USA

Haldun Iplikcioglu Turkey

Alessandro Januário Brazil

Simon Jensen Denmark

Hideaki Katsuyama Japan

Christian Krenkel Austria

Richard Leesungbok South Korea

Will Martin USA

Lisa Heitz-Mayfield Australia

Dean Morton USA

Helena Rebelo Portugal

Paul Rousseau France

Bruno Schmid Switzerland

Hendrik Terheyden Germany

Adrian Watkinson UK

Daniel Wismeijer Netherlands

1.3 Introduction to the SAC Classification

The SAC Classification is an assessment of the potential difficulty and risk of a case, and serves as a guide for clinicians in both case selection and treatment planning. Classifications of Straightforward (low difficulty and low risk), Advanced (moderate difficulty and moderate risk), and Complex (high difficulty and high risk) may be assigned to a case for both restorative and surgical aspects. The knowledge, skill and experience of individual clinicians, however, introduces subjectivity by influencing their perception of what a specific case may be classified as. The aim of this book is to bring objectivity to this process with respect to the “standard” presentation of clinical cases. It should be recognized, however, that the classification of individual cases may be altered as a consequence of modifying factors. These factors will be outlined in later chapters of this book.

The first SAC Classification was described by Sailer and Pajarola in an atlas of oral surgery (Sailer and Pajarola 1999). The authors described in detail various clinical situations for procedures in oral surgery, such as the removal of third molars, and proposed the classification S = Simple, A = Advanced, and C = Complex. The SAC Classification was then adopted in 1999 by the Swiss Society of Oral Implantology (SSOI) during a one-week congress on quality guidelines in dentistry. The working group of the SSOI developed this SAC Classification from a surgical and prosthetic point of view for various clinical situations in implant dentistry. This SAC Classification was then adopted by the International Team for Implantology in 2003 during the ITI Consensus Conference in Gstaad, Switzerland. The surgical SAC Classification was presented in the proceedings of this conference (Buser et al. 2004). The ITI Education Core Group decided in 2006 to slightly modify the original classification by changing the term Simple to Straightforward.

The following chapter provides a review of the SAC Classification, its applications and its determinants. Criteria for categorization of case types were established, and normative classifications (see the following chapter for definitions) for individual case types were assigned. Subsequent chapters will detail the application of the SAC Classification in the surgical and restorative fields of implant dentistry. The effects of modifying factors and complications on the normative classification of cases will also be presented and discussed.

Although it is primarily designed as a guide for identification of the level of difficulty of individual cases, the SAC Classification may also be used as a tool for risk identification and patient management. Patients may be prepared for treatment by being given information on expected limitations, complications and outcomes based on the SAC Classification. This in turn would allow patients to form realistic expectations of the potential outcome of therapy. Consequently, the SAC Classification has a number of potential audiences and uses. For novice implant clinicians, the SAC Classification provides a case selection and treatment planning tool which can help them develop their experience in implant dentistry in a responsible and incremental manner. More experienced clinicians may find somewhat less use in these areas, but might find this a useful framework for planning implant treatments and for identifying, and thus potentially controlling, risk.

The SAC Classification may also be applied throughout the treatment process. A normative classification, based on the site and type of clinical presentation, may be altered by patient-specific factors. The assigned classification may be further modified during the active treatment phases, if required.

2 The Determinants of the SAC Classification

A. Dawson, S.Chen

2.1 Definitions

Process: The implant dentistry “process” is defined as the full range of issues pertaining to assessment, planning, management of treatment, and subsequent maintenance of the implant and prosthetic reconstruction; it does not merely refer to the clinical treatment procedures that are involved.

Normative: In this context, “normative” relates to the classification that conforms to the norm, or standard, for a given clinical situation in implant dentistry. The normative classification relates to the most likely representation of the classification of a case. The normative classification may alter as a result of modifying factors and/or complications.

Timing of implant placement: A number of different classifications have been used to describe the timing of implant placement after tooth extraction. In this book, the classification detailed by Chen and Buser (2008), which is a modification of the classification proposed by Hämmerle et al. (2004), will be used. This classification is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Classification of the Timing of Implant Placement following Tooth Extraction (Chen and Buser 2008).

Classification	Descriptive Terminology	Period after Tooth Extraction	Desired Clinical Situation at Implant Placement
Type 1	Immediate placement	Immediately following extraction	Post-extraction site with no healing of bone or soft tissues
Type 2	Early placement with soft-tissue healing	Typically 4 to 8 weeks	Post-extraction site with healed soft tissue but without significant bone healing
Type 3	Early placement with partial bone healing	Typically 12 to 16 weeks	Post-extraction site with healed soft tissues and with significant bone healing
Type 4	Late placement	Typically 6 months or longer	Fully healed post-extraction site

Implant loading protocol: In discussions relating to the systems for loading implants after implant placement, the definitions used...

Table of contents

• Deckblatt
• Titelblatt
• Copyright-Seite
• Inhaltsverzeichnis
• Foreword
• Editors and Authors
• Contributors
• 1 An Introduction to the SAC Classification
• 2 The Determinants of the SAC Classification
• 3 Modifying Factors
• 4 Classification of Surgical Cases
• 5 Classification of Restorative Cases
• 6 Practical Application of the SAC Classification
• 7 Conclusion
• References