Catalyst Immobilization

Methods and Applications

Maurizio Benaglia, Alessandra Puglisi

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9783527817276
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Tecnologia e ingegneria
• Subtopic: Scienza dei materiali

A comprehensive resource on techniques and applications for immobilizing catalysts Catalyst Immobilization: Methods and Applications covers catalyst immobilization topics including technologies, materials, characterization, chemical activity, and recyclability. The book also presents innovative applications for supported catalysts, such as flow chemistry and machine-assisted organic synthesis. Written by an international panel of expert contributors, this book outlines the general principles of catalyst immobilization and explores different types of supports employed in catalyst heterogenization. The book?s chapters examine the immobilization of chiral organocatalysts, reactions in flow reactors, 3D printed devices for catalytic systems, and more. Catalyst Immobilization offers a modern vision and a broad and critical view of this exciting field. This important book: -Offers a guide to supported and therefore recyclable catalysts, which is one of the most important tools for developing a highly sustainable chemistry
-Presents various immobilization techniques and applications
-Explores new trends, such as 3D printed devices for catalytic systems
-Contains information from a leading international team of authors Written for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, process engineers, biochemists, surface chemists, materials scientists, analytical chemists, Catalyst Immobilization: Methods and Applications presents the latest developments and includes a review of the innovative trends such as flow chemistry, reactions in microreactors, and beyond.

1
Strategies to Immobilized Catalysts: A Key Tool for Modern Chemistry

Oriana Piermatti¹, Raed Abu‐Reziq², and Luigi Vaccaro¹

Università di Perugia, Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Casali Institute for Applied Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel

1.1 Introduction

In all the different cultural and scientific areas, modern era is characterized by the high attention dedicated to the concept of sustainable development and sustainability. In what is nowadays indicated as “circular economy,” chemistry plays a pivotal role to steer modern production toward safety, environmental efficiency, reduction of waste, and minimization of CO₂ emissions. Both academic and industrial researches are focused in this direction and are, often in collaboration, effectively working at the definition and implementation of innovative solutions [1,2].

In chemistry, sustainability has become synonymous with green chemistry, a term that appeared in the 1980s in the United States and associated to a multidisciplinary area of research aimed at developing innovative approaches to fundamental and applied research that could eventually lead to industrial competitiveness and minimal environmental impact.

The definitions of green chemistry are several, and often they vary according to the most critical chemistry‐related issues for specific region of the world. Anyway, Paul T. Anastas recognized the merit of the definition of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (Figure 1.1), which simply and in exhaustive manner indicate the most important topics toward which modern research and society need to focus to attain a sustainable development [3]. These principles represent not only a sort of guidelines to the perfect chemical process but also a very useful vademecum to identify the key issues and the key research areas that need to be developed in order to actually achieve sustainability.

An ideal green modern chemical process does not feature one of the different principles. It is instead the combination of all of the principles and the result of a careful process design where strategic political solutions are combined with the development of key strategies and technologies. Therefore, a modern process needs to be based on safer solvents and chemicals, possibly coming from the valorization of waste and renewable resources. Energy‐efficient technologies must be developed and used to maximize safety and quality of a chemical process while minimizing the waste and the cost associated to its implementation.

Figure 1.1 Principles of green chemistry.

A central role is played by catalysis [4]. By aiming at the use of safer chemicals and at the same time at the reduction of steps in a chemical process, it is necessary to develop innovative catalytic technologies not only to resolve the use of dangerous highly reactive chemicals but also to minimize the energy consumption and the production of the waste associated [5,6].

The use of effective catalytic systems mainly based on metals has been always crucial in the chemical industry, and homogeneous catalysis has been generally preferred over the use of heterogeneous/solid catalytic systems, especially in the production of fine chemicals and complex active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) [7,8].

The design of a modern chemical process should carefully evaluate the actual need for using toxic and exhaustive metal catalysts, and inevitably, it should consider all the available possibilities for their recovery and reuse to consequently minimizing pollution.

Different solutions for the recovery and reuse of a catalytic system are available and all of them need to be implemented in the fu...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• 1 Strategies to Immobilized Catalysts: A Key Tool for Modern Chemistry
• 2 Catalysts Immobilized onto Polymers
• 3 Modified Nanocarbons as Catalysts in Organic Processes
• 4 Stereoselective Synthesis by Catalysts Supported on Magnetic Nanoferrite
• 5 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Catalysts
• 6 Alternative Solvent Systems in Catalysis
• 7 Immobilized Chiral Organocatalysts
• 8 Catalyst Recycling in Continuous Flow Reactors
• 9 Membrane Reactors
• 10 Development of Polymer‐Supported Transition‐Metal Catalysts and Their Green Synthetic Applications
• 11 3D Printed Devices for Catalytic Systems
• 12 General Overview on Immobilization Techniques of Enzymes for Biocatalysis
• 13 Immobilized Enzymes: Applications in Organic Synthesis
• Index
• End User License Agreement