Petrochemistry

Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering

Martin Bajus

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781119647836
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technik & Maschinenbau
• Subtopic: Fossile Brennstoffe

A comprehensive textbook on petrochemical conversion processes for petroleum and natural gas fractions as produced by refinery operations

This innovative textbook provides essential links between the chemical sciences and chemical technology, between petrochemistry and hydrocarbon technology. The book brings alive key concepts forming the basis of chemical technology and presents a solid background for innovative process development. In all chapters, the processes described are accompanied by simplified flow schemes, encouraging students to think in terms of conceptual process designs.

Petrochemistry: Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering introduces students to a variety of topics related to the petrochemical industry, hydrocarbon processing, fossil fuel resources, as well as fuels and chemicals conversion. The first chapter covers the fundamentals and principals for designing several of the processes in the book, including discussions on thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, reactor calculations, and industrial catalysts. The following chapters address recent advances in hydrocarbon technology, energy technology, and sources of hydrocarbons. The book then goes on to discuss the petrochemical industry based on four basic pillars, all derived from petroleum and natural gas:

• Production of lower alkenes; other sources of lower alkenes; petrochemicals from C 2 -C 3 alkenes
• Production of BTX aromatics; chemicals from BTX aromatics
• C 1 technology
• Diversification of petrochemicals

The growing importance of sustainable technology, process intensification and addressing greenhouse gas emissions is reflected throughout the book.

Written for advanced students working in the areas of petrochemistry, hydrocarbon technology, natural gas, energy materials and technologies, alternative fuels, and recycling technologies the book is also a valuable reference for industrial practitioners in the oil and gas industry.

1
Chemical Technology

CHAPTER MENU

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Chemical Engineering
  • 1.2.1 Conservation of Mass
  • 1.2.2 Conservation of Energy
  • 1.2.3 Conservation of Momentum
  • 1.2.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions
  • 1.2.5 Chemical Kinetics
    • 1.2.5.1 Reaction Rate: Activation Energy
  • 1.2.6 Reactors
    • 1.2.6.1 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yields
    • 1.2.6.2 Continuous Tubular Reactor
    • 1.2.6.3 The Reaction Order
    • 1.2.6.4 Rate Constant
  • 1.2.7 Industrial Catalysts
    • 1.2.7.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Hydrocarbon Technology
    • 1.2.7.2 Homogeneous Catalysts
    • 1.2.7.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts
    • 1.2.7.4 Classifying Catalysts
  • 1.2.8 Conversion of Hydrocarbons: Active Intermediate Forms
    • 1.2.8.1 Carbocations
    • 1.2.8.2 Radicals
    • 1.2.8.3 Initiated Decomposition
• 1.3 Potential Steps Toward Greener Chemical Technology
  • 1.3.1 Maturity
  • 1.3.2 Participation in International Trade
  • 1.3.3 Competition from Developing Countries
  • 1.3.4 Capital Intensity and Economies of Scale
  • 1.3.5 Criticality and Pervasiveness
  • 1.3.6 Freedom of Market Entry
  • 1.3.7 Stringent Requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA)
  • 1.3.8 High R&D for Ecologically Oriented Projects
  • 1.3.9 Dislocations and Environmental Impacts
  • 1.3.10 Feedstock Recycling
• 1.4 The Top Chemical Companies
• 1.5 The Top Chemicals
• Further Reading

1.1 Introduction

Chemical technology is the practical application of science to commerce or industry and is a multicomponent discipline that, in this context, deals with the application of chemical knowledge to the solution of practical problems. Technology is also a human action that involves the generation of knowledge and (usually innovative) processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities.

Historically, the word technology is a modern term and rose to prominence during the Industrial Revolution, when it became associated with science and engineering. The word technology can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques, which refers to the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; in includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools, and raw materials. The distinction between science, engineering, and technology is not always clear. However, technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility.

Chemical technology is that branch of chemistry that formulates and solves the problems inherent in the exploitation of all raw materials, and produces from those materials, on an appropriate scale, many other products that do not occur naturally, that are scarce, or whose methods of preparation are capable of being improved upon. Hydrocarbon technology is a branch of chemical technology based on hydrocarbon raw materials, all derived from petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is perhaps the most important substance consumed in modern society. And natural gas is increasingly being recognized as a hydrocarbon raw material, a preferred chemical feedstock for the twenty‐first century.

The three major factors that have driven chemical technology development in recent years have been identified as energy, economic pressure, and environmental c...