Nanobiosensors

From Design to Applications

Aiguo Wu, Waheed S. Khan

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9783527345144
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Analytic Chemistry

Containing cutting edge research on the hot topic of nanobiosensor, this book will become highly read Biosensor research has recently re-emerged as most vibrant area in recent years particularly after the advent of novel nanomaterials of multidimensional features and compositions. Nanomaterials of different types and striking properties have played a positive role in giving the boost and accelerated pace to biosensors development technology. Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications covers several aspects of biosensors beginning from the basic concepts to advanced level research. It will help to bridge the gap between various aspects of biosensors development technology and applications. It covers biosensors related material in broad spectrum such as basic concepts, biosensors & their classification, biomarkers & their role in biosensors, nanostructures-based biosensors, applications of biosensors in human diseases, drug detection, toxins, and smart phone based biosensors. Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications will prove a source of inspiration for research on biosensors, their local level development and consequently using for practical application in different industries such as food, biomedical diagnosis, pharmaceutics, agriculture, drug discovery, forensics, etc. * Discusses the latest technology and advances in the field of nanobiosensors and their applications in human diseases, drug detection, toxins
* Offers a broad and comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials such as carbon materials, nitride based nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide based nanomaterials for the fast-developing nanobiosensors research
* Goes to a wide scientific and industry audience
Nanobiosensors - From Design to Applications is a resource for polymer chemists, spectroscopists, materials scientists, physical chemists, surface chemists, and surface physicists.

1
Basics of Biosensors and Nanobiosensors

Pravin Bhattarai and Sadaf Hameed

Peking University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100871, PR China

1.1 Introduction

The conventional analytical methods, both qualitative and quantitative, based on the measurements of species in complex matrices dominated the era of chemical sensing. These methods were based on the complete separation of sample components followed by the identification and quantitation of the target analytes. However, (i) expensive nature of the measurement techniques both financially and temporally, (ii) difficulty in the analysis of complex samples within a limited sample concentration, and (iii) the employment of separation methods limiting real-time analysis during in vivo applications subtly challenged its future development [1]. At present, an inexpensive and facile way of biosensor fabrication for the real-time detection and/or quantification of biologically relevant analytes provides an analytically powerful tool over conventional techniques [2]. These biosensors can surpass the major limitations of traditional sensors such as sensitivity, speed, and sensibility. Such biosensors typically function by combining a biomolecular recognition unit that is capable to sense the biochemical reaction and a transducer that can convert the concentration of the target analytes into a measurable signal. In 1977, Karl Camman first coined the term biosensor, but the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) disagreement led to the conception of a new standard definition in 1997 [3]. A standard definition of biosensor now is as follows: “A biosensor is a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor), which is retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction element. Because of their ability to be repeatedly calibrated, we recommend that a biosensor should be clearly distinguished from a bioanalytical system, which requires additional processing steps, such as reagent addition. A device that is both disposable after one measurement, i.e., single use, and unable to monitor the analyte concentration continuously or after rapid and reproducible regeneration should be designated as a single-use biosensor.” Since the earliest enzymatic electrode-based biosensors developed by Clark, there has been a rapid development/improvement in the design and application of these biosensors (Figure 1.1). Recently, biosensors (electrochemical, optical, electronic, and piezoelectric) comprising various biorecognition molecules such as enzymes [4], aptamers [5], whole cells [6], antibodies [7], and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [8] are widely applied in health care, food quality management, forensics, pharmaceutical industries, and several other areas (Figure 1.2). Improvised methods in the fabrication of biosensors have greatly augmented the characteristics of a biosensor measured in terms of selectivity, reproducibility, stability, sensitivity, and linearity. Moreover, rapid advancement in the fabrication technology together with electronic components has ushered miniaturization of such devices resulting a huge surge in the biosensor market. Notably, the use of nano-sized materials (having at least one dimension <100 nm) in the fabrication of biosensors leading to nanobiosensors have gained high momentum lately. The unique properties (mechanical, chemical, structural, and electrical) of these nanomaterials used in nanobiosensors have not only helped to overcome challenges based on the sensitivity and detection limit of the devices but has also improved the interfacial reaction owing to the better immobilization of biorecognition molecules [9,10]. In addition, hybridization of nanomaterial-based strategies with a microscale system has allowed a new type of biomolecular analysis together with a high level of sensitivity that can leverage nanoscale binding events to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or sense rare analytes [11]. In brief, this chapter comprehends all the basic information about biosensors and also provides in-depth knowledge of the design, components, characteristics, and applications of biosensors.

Figure 1.1 Recent publication trend in biosensors.

Figure 1.2 Five-year publication trends of various types of biosensors. (a) 2017–2013 and (b) 2012–2008.

1.2 Biosensor and Its Working Principle

A simple design of any biosensors basically comprises four major components: (i) a bioreceptor, (ii) a transducer, (iii) electronic components, and (iv) a readout/display unit (Figure 1.3). Briefly, a bioreceptor is an external component of a biosensor that comes in direct contact with the target analyte during operation. The major function of a bioreceptor is to capture the target analytes with high specificity and selectivity [12]. Some examples of bioreceptors commonly used in the construction of biosensors are enzymes [4], aptamers [5], whole cells [6], antibodies [7], and DNA [8]. Construction mechanism typically follows the adsorption/immobilization of a biorecognition element on the surface of a biosensor. Therefore, techniques deployed for the adherence of such biorecognition elements remain central to the sensitivity and selectivity of a biosensor.

A most common approach for the immobilization of biorecognition elements includes adsorption, microencapsulation, entrapment, covalent bonding, and cross-linking [13–15]. Immobilization serves one or more of the following purposes: (i) continuous monitoring of analytes in flowing samples such as environmental samples, biological fluids having less amount of target molecules or bioreactor fluids, (ii) the biosensor can be used repeatedly, (iii) enhances the performance of biosensors in terms of reproducibility and sensitivity owing to the advancement of the biorecognition unit, and (iv) simplicity and flexibility of the immobilization technique. Toward a closer look in the fabrication strategies, (nano)biosensors confer multivariate interfacial region ranging between 1 and 10 nm, especially for the recognition of target analytes [11]. The detection of various biological molecules including protein–protein interactions can occur in this region. However, complexity during immobilization of such...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• 1 Basics of Biosensors and Nanobiosensors
• 2 Transduction Process-Based Classification of Biosensors
• 3 Novel Nanomaterials for Biosensor Development
• 4 Biomarkers and Their Role in Detection of Biomolecules
• 5 Detection of Cancer Cells by Using Biosensors
• 6 Biosensor Applications for Viral and Bacterial Disease Diagnosis
• 7 Detection of HIV Virus Using Biosensor
• 8 Use of Biosensors for Mycotoxins Analysis in Food Stuff
• 9 Development of Biosensors for Drug Detection Applications
• 10 Detecting the Presence of Illicit Drugs Using Biosensors
• 11 Biosensors for Determination of Pesticides and Their Residues
• 12 Detection of Avian Influenza Virus
• 13 Biosensors for Swine Influenza Viruses
• 14 Biosensors for Detection of Marine Toxins
• 15 Smartphone-Based Biosensors
• Index
• End User License Agreement