Temperate Horticulture for Sustainable Development and Environment

Ecological Aspects

Larissa I. Weisfeld, Anatoly I. Opalko, Sarra A. Bekuzarova, Larissa I. Weisfeld, Anatoly I. Opalko, Sarra A. Bekuzarova

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9781351249379
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Scienze biologiche
• Subtopic: Scienza generale

Ecological and genetic control of plant resistance to unfavorable environmental influences is being carried out all over the world, and new varieties and hybrids of plants are being created, resulting in rich, new information and innovative new methods of cultivation. This new volume, Temperate Horticulture for Sustainable Development and Environment: Ecological Aspects, explores the vast biotic diversity in horticulture, with a focus on sustainable development in today's deteriorating environment. The book offers new technologies for a wide range of horticultural crops, including vegetables, fruit, berries, and flowers. The information presented here is the result of original experiments and study of leading specialists in horticulture, plant breeding, and related areas.

Part 1, Innovation in the Field of Vegetable Growing, looks at several completely new methods for increasing the yield of potatoes and cucumbers. The second part. The Arctic Berries: Ecology and Biochemistry presents an abundance of data on the phytocenotic properties of wild-growing and cultivated berry plants and of arctic raspberry and blueberry in natural populations of taiga zones. The authors studied berry crops, cranberry, Arctic bramble, blueberry, Arctic raspberry, cowberry, growing on the boggy soil and peatlands in taiga zones.

Part 3, Decorative Plants: Breeding and Biochemistry, provides an overview of winter garden plants and their successful cultivation, looks at the range of resistance to salinization and other stresses of ornamental plants growing, and presents a biochemical analysis of biological active compounds and antioxidants among various species of the genus Aloe.

Part 4, on Fruit Growing and Breeding, reviews various technologies for the cultivation of various fruits and presents an overview of data on breeding rare fruit crop.

This volume will be useful for the scientific community, ecologists, geneticists, breeders, and industry professionals interested in using science to implement practical applications in production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

PART I

Innovations in Vegetable Growing

CHAPTER 1

POTATO PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS SOILS AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

RAFAIL A. AFANAS’EV, GENRIETTA E. MERZLAYA^*, and MICHAIL O. SMIRNOV

Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry, 31A, Pryanishnikov St., Moscow, Russia 127550, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

CONTENTS

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Materials and Methodology

1.3 Results and Discussion

1.4 Conclusion

Keywords

References

ABSTRACT

Studies in the field experiments showed that in the technology of potato cultivation in different regions of Russia the most important factor in the formation of a stable yield and high quality of tubers is a science-based joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the sod-podzolic light-textured loamy soil, when using organic fertilizer system comprising 20 t of manure per year per 1 ha and 45 kg/ha of active ingredient of mineral nitrogen, phosphate, and potash fertilizers, you could achieve stable potato productivity with a potato starch containing 14.4% at the level of 36.6 t/ha, which is 40% higher than the control without fertilization. When potatoes were fertilized we observed the efficiency of the use of traditional organic fertilizers—manure, chicken manure, and fertilizers on the basis of sewage sludge—compost and granulated organic-mineral fertilizer (GOMF). At the sod-podzolic middle-textured loamy soil by applying the GOMF at a dose of 4 t/ha per year, as aftereffect the yield 22.4 t/ha of potato tubers was obtained, which exceeded the control at 3.7 t/ha or 20%. The content of heavy metals, arsenic, and nitrates in potato tubers was at the level of the control values, indicating the environmental safety of plant production. In the northern region (Yakutia) at the permafrost taiga soils, we established, while cultivating potatoes, the usefulness of chicken manure and cattle manure in a pure form, as well as peat-litter compost at a ratio of 1:1 at a dose of 300 kg/ha of nitrogen, which ensured the yield of tubers 26.5–26.6 t/ha or 29–30% above control.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is distributed almost everywhere and belongs to cultures of universal use—for food, fodder, and technical purposes. World potato production per year is about 320 million t, the landing area—about 19 million ha. In foreign countries, due to the high culture of agriculture yields of potatoes in 2002–2008 years were: in the Netherlands 40–47, in the United States of America 39–44 t/ha, in Belgium 38–47, in France 40–45, in Denmark 35–42, in the United Kingdom 40–44, and the world average was 15–16 t/ha. The yield of potatoes in the Russian Federation was 13 t/ha in households in 2009, 9.6 in 2010, 13 t/ ha in 2011–14; 2012 – 13 t/ha, in farms of all categories—14, 10, 15, and 13 t/ha, respectively.^1,2 Thus, the yield of potato tubers in Russia was about three times lower than in the developed countries. The potato has a high demand for nutrients. Removal of 1 t of main potato production in view of an accessory production is 5.7 kg N, 1.6 kg P₂O₅, and 7.9 kg K₂O.

According to reports,^3–7 the yield of potato tubers and their quality are directly dependent on fertilizer systems, whose main role belongs to the manure. Potatoes responded favorably to direct application of organic matter in manure and other organic fertilizers, and to its aftereffect.⁸ A loose soil is also a mandatory condition for the formation of high-class potato tubers. Tubers, which are thickened underground stem shoots, to a lesser extent than, for example, roots of root crops can push the soil particles, so on loose soils, rich in organic matter, to create the most favorable conditions for the development of potato plants.⁹ The impact of various types of organic fertilizers is of interest, in particular, composts on the basis of various organic materials and also organic-mineral fertilizers for the productivity of potatoes.

In recent years, in agricultural technique sewage sludge produced at wastewater treatment plants in cities and other human settlements is becoming increasingly important. With its application, the soil receives a large amount of organic matter, a lot of macro-and micronutrients as well as plant growth stimulants. Sludge is applied to the soil in pure form, as compost with peat, wood waste and other fillers and in the form of organic-mineral fertilizers.¹⁰ In this regard, we performed the experimental verifcation of the efficiency of fertilizers on the basis of urban sewage sludge when cultivating potato for seed purposes.

Given the fact that many questions of potato fertilizing are poorly investigated, the task of our research was to establish when cultivating this crop in various soil and climatic conditions action of organic and mineral fertilizers in various combinations and doses in the soil-plant system.

1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Investigations were carried out in the field experiments on sod-podzolic soils in the west and northwest chernozem zone of Russia, as well as on permafrost taiga pale yellow soil in Yakutia.

We experienced the impact of mineral and different types of organic fertilizers: litter manure, chicken manure, compost from cattle manure, compost from sewage sludge and peat and also organic-mineral fertilizer based on sewage sludge on yield and quality of potatoes.

Field experience with a wide range of doses and combinations of litter manure and fertilizer for potatoes was carried out on the experimental field of Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry and Smolensk Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, in the village of Olsha (Smolensk region). The experience was lengthy; it was laid in the year 1978. Field experiment had a factorial scheme and presented a selection of 1/27 (6 × 6 × 6 × 6), included 48 variants.

The sod-podzolic light-textured loamy cultivated soil was used in the experiment. Before lying of an experiment in the 0–20 cm layer the soil contained 1.3% of humus, 110 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 115 mg/kg of potassium (K₂O); and pH was 5.5. As an organic fertilizer, we used cattle manure with a small amount of litter, 70% moisture, which contained 0.46% total nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus (P₂O₅), 0.66% potassium (K₂O), and 59% organic matter. The ratio of C:N = 19, and heavy metal content of the manure was low, that is, Cd—0.1, Cr—1.0, Ni—1.0, Cu—0.6, and Zn—7.0 mg/kg.

In the experiment, we studied four factors: manure litter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. The area of the experimental plot was 112 m². The repetition of experience was done three times. Each of the four factors was represented by 6 gradations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of unit doses). Every single dose at potato cultivation was adopted by the following amount of fertilizer: 20 t/ha of manure and 45 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O).

Crop rotation was grain-grass-tilled crop in the first three rotations. Alternation of crops in the first rotation (1979–1989): potatoes, barley, winter rye, oats, pea-oats mixture, winter wheat, barley, perennial grass of the first and second year use, winter rye, oats; the second (1990–1995) and third (1996–2001) rotations: potatoes, barley, perennial grass of first and second year use, winter wheat, oats.

Studies of fertilizer on the ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• List of Abbreviations
• Preface
• Introduction
• PART I: Innovations in Vegetable Growing
• PART II: Arctic Berries: Ecology, Biochemistry, and Useful Properties
• PART III: Breeding and Biochemistry of Decorative Plants
• PART IV: Fruit Growing and Breeding
• Glossary
• Index