In her review of studies of the Anglo-American writer W. H. Auden (1907â1973), Nadia Herman Colburn (2004) outlines the biographical logic that structures most Auden criticism along the distinction between Audenâs American and English periods (242). Studies of the âEnglish Audenâ (which is the title of Edward Mendelsonâs anthology of W. H. Audenâs [1977] literary texts from 1927 to 1939) tend to examine the political dimension of his work, which builds upon the politically-oriented interwar reception of Audenâs work. Two anthologies from the thirties â New Signatures from 1932 and New Country from 1933 â are the first to place Auden at the centre of a new group of politically engaged writers (Colburn 2004, 241). Christopher Isherwood and Stephen Spender, Louis MacNeice and Cecil Day-Lewis salute W. H. Auden in a special issue of New Verse in 1937; in 1938, New Verse proclaims the thirties and the thirties poets âthe Auden Age and the Auden Circleâ (Carpenter 1981, 230; Firchow 2002, 74).
Audenâs move to the United States in 1939 constitutes a biographical caesura. Auden received the Pulitzer Prize for his book-length poem The Age of Anxiety in 1948; in 1956, The Shield of Achilles won the National Book Award (Carpenter 1981, 347; Levy 1983, 146). It is especially the moral aspects of his work in this period that studies of the âAmerican Audenâ address (Colburn 2004, 242). In fact, however, Audenâs American period is largely an American-European period: Auden summered on Ischia from 1948, and from 1958 in the Austrian village of Kirchstetten (Carpenter 1981, 360â361, 387â388).
Colburnâs review concludes The Cambridge Companion to W. H. Auden, edited by Stan Smith, whose introduction challenges the England-America binary: âAuden in later life deconstructed such binaries by adopting a third provisional location, reinventing himself as a Europeanâ (Smith 2004, 10). âThe European Audenâ â the title of Edward Mendelsonâs contribution â implies a notion of continental Europe that excludes the British Isles but includes the Italian island of Ischia, highlighting Audenâs poetic activity in Italy and Austria: the second half of the study indicates the specific relevance of Audenâs Austrian period (Mendelson 2004, 66â67). A similar spatial logic structures the 2013 collection of essays W. H. Auden in Context, edited by Tony Sharpe. Justin Quinn, in his chapter âAt Home in Italy and Austria, 1948â1973â â as well as in his essay âAudenâs Cold War Fameâ in the 2015 collection Auden at Work, edited by Bonnie Costello and Rachel Galvin â highlights how, in that period, Audenâs summer homes afforded him greater opportunities to write poetry than his life in the United States (Quinn 2013, 56; 2015, 243). Indeed, in the mid-1960s, it was during the Austrian summers that Auden did most of his writing (Burstall 1965b, 24).
The 1960s also mark a new turn in Auden criticism with a marked focus on the private and psychological; John Updikeâs (1966) review of Audenâs (1966) collection of poems About the House is emblematic of this reception (Seidl 2014, 406): âAs a young man, his concern was more with âpublic space,â and he remains the poet of the foreboding that preceded World War II, the lucid exhausted voice of ââSeptember 1, 1939.â ⊠As an aging post-war man, he has turned more toward the âinner space,â the landscape of his will and needâ (Updike 1966, 235â236).
In her 2014 study of the sequence of poems Thanksgiving for a Habitat, which is included in Audenâs About the House, Monika Seidl reviews the press, radio, and television coverage of Auden during his Austrian period, and highlights how contemporary media images of the author, such as TV producer Christopher Burstallâs leading article in The Sunday Times (1965b), incline toward the anecdotal (Seidl 2014, 394â395). In 1965, Burstall visited Auden in Kirchstetten to prepare a documentary for BBC One. Before the film was aired, he wrote in The Sunday Times,
We whizzed on in the Volkswagen through the heavy, rich, unspectacular countryside, for Auden likes to drive hard and fast. ⊠Auden bounded from the car and impetuously shuffled, in his broken-down woolly carpet slippers, up the long narrow track. (Burstall 1965b, 24)
While that may be how Kirchstetteners first encountered the foreign poet, unlike Burstall they had not âbeen reading his poems for as long as I can rememberâ (Burstall 1965b, 24); nor, for that matter, were they the readers implied by Burstallâs report, which presupposed cultural knowledge of Auden as âthe enfant terrible of the thirtiesâ (21). Yet in between foreign fame and local unknownness, Auden materialises as a celebrity in the Austrian media. An Austrian TV documentary on Auden from 1967 features interviews with the Kirchstetten mayor, the schoolmaster, and the priest:
One Sunday morning, he stood in front of the church door and introduced himself as Winston [sic] Auden. ⊠Afterwards, I looked him up in the encyclopaedia and learned some facts about him: that he is an English poet, who moved to America in 1939; notably, I also encountered his important work, The Age of Anxiety.1, 00:09:25â00:10:03)
It is the cultural authority of the encyclopaedia that endows the foreigner with significance. However, it is a specifically local significance which the schoolmaster highlights: âIn Professor Auden we again have a poet and professor in Kirchstetten, as Josef Weinheber was until 1945â (00:16:59â00:17:07).2 After quickly enumerating Audenâs international awards, the voice-over commentary concludes, âIt is understandable, therefore, that the Kirchstetteners have been proud of their poet since they learned of his fameâ (00:18:48â00:18:53).3 The Mayor of Kirchstetten expands:
When he first came to Kirchstetten in 1958, one would not think much about him dangling through the village. And it was said that he was an American poet, and not much attention was paid to him. ⊠Now word has spread in the press, on the radio and television that we have a very famous poet in our village, and now he is revered and esteemed. ⊠We are very proud that yet again we have such a famous poet in Kirchstetten.4 (00:19:00â00:19:37)
In the Kirchstetten of the 1960s, Auden was famous for being famous elsewhere. The meanings that make the unknown foreigner famous are made âin the press, on the radio and televisionâ: it is the media phenomenon of celebrity that bridges the gap between unknownness and fame. Relevant here is Daniel J. Boorstinâs definition of the celebrity as a person made meaningful through media representation:
The celebrity is a person who is known for his well-knownness.
His qualitiesâor rather his lack of qualitiesâillustrate our peculiar problems. He is neither good nor bad, great nor petty. He is the human pseudo-event. ⊠The product of no conspiracy, of no group promoting vice or emptiness, he is made by honest, industrious men of high professional ethics doing their job, âinformingâ and educating us. He is made by all of us who willingly read about him, who like to see him on television. (1962, 57â58)
Boorstin concludes, âthe celebrity is created by the mediaâ (61). Inasmuch as Boorstin conceives of celebrity in terms of media circulation, and explicitly not of âachievementâ (61), his concept precludes the accomplishments of âliterary artâ (153). In relation to W. H. Audenâs entry into the âperipheralâ small-nation celebrity culture of Austria, the Boorstinian concept of âcelebrityâ can help shed light on the disconnection between the poetâs foreign (from the point of view of 1960s Austria) âqualitiesâ and his local significance.5
While Boorstinâs study of celebrity explicitly engages with American media systems in the early 1960s, celebrity studies has more recently turned its attention to peripheral celebrity culture in small nations (Williams 2016, 154â155). The dynamics of small-nation celebrity touch on themes at the interface between the foreign and the local: conditions of in-betwe...