Bio-based Wood Adhesives

Preparation, Characterization, and Testing

Zhongqi He

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781315352251
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Chemistry
• Index: Chemistry

Adhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive application for maximal benefits. This book covers information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives in fifteen chapters written by an international group of accomplished contributors. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocators and government agency regulators who work and deal with enhanced utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.

Contents

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Preface

About the Editor

1. Protein-based Wood Adhesives: Current Trends of Preparation and Application

Birendra B. Adhikari, Pooran Appadu, Michael Chae and David C. Bressler

2. Adhesion Properties of Soy Protein Subunits and Protein Adhesive Modification

Guangyan Qi, Ningbo Li, Xiuzhi Susan Sun and Donghai Wang

3. Modification of Soy-based Adhesives to Enhance the Bonding Performance

Sheldon Q. Shi, Changlei Xia and Liping Cai

4. Canola Protein and Oil-based Wood Adhesives

Ningbo Li, Guangyan Qi, Xiuzhi Susan Sun and Donghai Wang

5. Wood Adhesives Containing Proteins and Carbohydrates

H.N. Cheng and Zhongqi He

6. Preparation and Utilization of Water Washed Cottonseed Meal as Wood Adhesives

Zhongqi He and H.N. Cheng

7. Comparative Evaluation of Rice Bran- and Corn Starch-modified Urea Formaldehyde Adhesives on Improvements of Environmental Performance of Agro-based Composites

Altaf H. Basta, Houssni El-Saied and Jerrold E. Winandy

8. Tannins for Wood Adhesives,Foams and Composites

Nicolas Brosse and Antonio Pizzi

9. Utilization of Citric Acid in Wood Bonding

Zhongqi He and Kenji Umemura

10. Synthesis of Polymers from Liquefied Biomass and Their Utilization in Wood Bonding

Hui Wan, Zhongqi He, An Mao and Xiaomei Liu

11. Preparation, Properties, and Bonding Utilization of Pyrolysis Bio-oil

An Mao, Zhongqi He, Hui Wan and Qi Li

12. Application of the Rosin from White Pitch (Protium heptaphyllum) for use as Wood Adhesive

Raimundo Kennedy Vieira, Adalena Kennedy Vieira and Anil Narayan Netravali

13. Effects of Rheology and Viscosity of Bio-based Adhesives on Bonding Performance

Alejandro Bacigalupe, Zhongqi He and Mariano M. Escobar

14. Effects of Nano-materials on Different Properties of Wood-Composite Materials

Hamid R. Taghiyari, Jack Norton and Mehdi Tajvidi

15. Bio-based Wood Adhesives Research: Advances and Outlooks

Zhongqi He and Hui Wan

Index

Preface

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Adhesive bonding is playing an increasingly important role in the forest product industry and is a key factor in the efficient utilization of timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have resulted in increasing environmental concerns, natural product- and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much more attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparations are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, identify areas of research needs and provide directions towards future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrate research findings for practical adhesive applications for maximum benefits. This book should be of interest to university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocates and government regulators, who work and deal with the utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.

This book covers general information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and includes the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives. All this is covered in 15 chapters, written by an international group of accomplished contributors. Chapter contents include both raw material-oriented comprehensive reviews and adhesive-making-oriented case studies. The first seven chapters address the source, preparation, characterization, application, and modification of various agricultural products and byproducts, for the purpose of wood bonding and composite board making, with a focus on seed proteins as the major component. Chapters 8 and 9 examine and discuss two specific natural compounds, tannin and citric acid, related to their chemical nature, production, and application in wood adhesive additives and binders. The next three chapters are based on forest products. and 11 review the research on the liquefaction and pyrolysis of forestry and other lignocellulosic biomass materials and the subsequent utilization of the liquefied products and pyrolysis-derived bio-oil in wood bonding, respectively. Chapter 12 reviews the general properties and quality of Amazonic white pitch produced from the tree trunk (Protium heptaphyllum) and advocates its potential use as “green” adhesives. Chapter 13 presents and analyzes the effects of rheology and viscosity of bio-based adhesives on bonding performance. Chapter 14 presents examples on the applications of nano-materials to improve qualities of wood composites. The last chapter (Chapter 15) makes concluding remarks. It briefly reviews the progress on the developments and utilization of bio-based wood adhesives including some activities and accomplishments not covered by the individual chapters. This chapter then presents outlooks on some emerging research issues that are worth future exploration by bio-based adhesive researchers.

This book project was initiated by the publisher. It is my honor to be invited to serve as editor of the book. Chapter contributions were invited by the editor. Whereas the chapter contributors and I have made efforts to avoid repeated coverage in topics and contents, some literature and data have been cited in more than one chapter, to warrant each chapter’s integrity and stand-alone. All chapter manuscripts were subjected to peer reviewing and revision processes. The completion of this project involved tremendous efforts from a team of authors, reviewers and editor. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors for their commitment and dedication, and timely contributions. I profusely thank the ad-hoc reviewers for their time and insight in providing many valuable comments which certainly improved the quality of this book. Special thanks go to the publisher’s staff (Drs. Raju Primlani, Vijay Primlani, and Amanda Parida) for their initiative, coordination, and editorial support throughout the process of executing this book project.

About the Editor

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Zhongqi He is a Research Chemist at the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Prior to the USDA-ARS tenure, he was a recipient of the (US) National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship hosted by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. He is the author and co-author of over 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, patents, and book chapters, and has actively pursued basic and applied research in chemistry and biochemistry of agricultural products, byproducts, and plant nutrients. His current research activities are focused on the enhanced utilization of cottonseed products as wood adhesives. Dr. He has organized and served as the sole or principal editor of eight books on sustainable agriculture, renewable resources, and the environment. He has provided peer review services to more than 90 journals and served as associate editor and board member of several scientific journals and book committees of professional societies. He received a B.S. degree (1982) in applied chemistry from Chongqing University, China, M.S. degrees (1985 and 1992) in applied chemistry from South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, and in chemistry from the University of Georgia, Athens, USA, and has a Ph.D. degree (1996) in biochemistry from the University of Georgia, Athens, USA. He is a Fellow of American Society of Agronomy.

1

Protein-based Wood Adhesives

Current Trends of Preparation and Application

Birendra B. Adhikari, Pooran Appadu, Michael Chae and David C. Bressler

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ABSTRACT

The current wood adhesive industry relies mostly on petrochemicals, and is dominated by formaldehyde-based adhesives. However, petrochemicals are obtained from non-renewable resources, and formaldehyde is a known carcinogen. Hence, there is a growing interest surrounding the utilization of renewable resources for the development of environmentally friendly adhesive systems for production of bonded wood products. Due to their inherent adhesive properties, proteins are gaining popularity in this sector. The purpose of this chapter is to review the potential application of protein for the prospective development of industrial wood adhesives. Herein, we summarize the historical perspectives concerning the development of proteinaceous wood adhesives, potential proteinaceous feedstock resources for large-scale production of protein, and recent developments in protein- based wood adhesive formulations.^*

The proteinaceous feedstocks for adhesive development can be sourced as single cell-based proteins, plant-based proteins, and animal-based proteins. Among these, the plant-based proteins, specifically soy protein, have been widely explored in recent years for development of proteinaceous wood adhesives. On the other hand, only a handful of reports are available on utilization of whey protein and other waste animal protein for development of protein-based adhesive formulations. Thus far, no such studies have been conducted on single cell-based proteins.

Current bio-based adhesive technologies utilize such methods as protein denaturation by chemical, enzymatic, or thermal treatment, chemical modification of end functional groups, chemical crosslinking of protein molecules, co-reacting or blending of protein with a prepolymer, or a combination of any of these methods. Formulations developed by chemical crosslinking of denatured protein fragments or by co-reacting protein, after denaturation, with a phenol-formaldehyde prepolymer, have resulted in protein-based adhesive systems performing comparable to urea-formaldehyde- and phenol-formaldehyde-based wood adhesives. Both types of formulations using soy protein isolate have been successfully used for commercial production of composite wood products.

The high cost of soy protein isolate limits the widespread application of these products and therefore, are largely unable to replace petrochemical- based resins. Realizing this limitation of soy protein as well as other edible proteins, there has been renewed interest in waste animal protein as a renewable protein feedstock for formulation of wood adhesive systems. Waste animal protein is an undervalued protein stream that has shown great potential in wood adhesive applications. As newer and better technologies are being developed for efficient valorization of by-product streams in diverse industries, production...

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