Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the Environment

Research and Applications

Omari V. Mukbaniani, Devrim Balköse, Heru Susanto, A. K. Haghi

• Publisher: Apple Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9780429856211
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Scienze biologiche
• Subtopic: Scienza generale

This new volume focuses on different aspects of composite systems that are associated with research and development, helping to bridge the gap between classical analysis and modern real-life applications. The chapters look at the experimental and theoretical aspects of composite materials, regarding preparation, processing, design, properties, and practical implications. It also presents recent advancements, research, and development prospects of advanced composite materials that provide new solutions for advanced technologies.

SECTION I
Advanced Composites Systems

CHAPTER 1

GRAPHENE-BASED FIBERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ADVANCED COMPOSITES SYSTEM

RAGHVENDRA KUMAR MISHRA^*

BSM Solar and Environmental Solution, A-348, Awas Vikas Colony, Sitapur, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India

^*E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The accelerated development in our culture is directly connected with improvement in technology and also currently particularly with nanoscience as well as nanotechnologies. Nowadays, it is not possible to think about advancement without innovative materials; it has been observed that the world without varieties of useful gadgets, for example, mobile phones, foldable notebooks, electric cars, biosensors, airplanes, as well as various additional discoveries render our life with comfort and also convenience. Notably, a number of crucial developments for brand new prototypes and application of graphene have been shared recently, which is linked with energy storage, photovoltaic, theoretical knowledge of graphene, and synthesis of graphene and its derivatives’ application in tissue engineering, bioimaging, drug delivery, and device designs. In this chapter, authors attempt to collocate the state-of-the-art development in the direction of new viewpoint the graphene and its nanofibers, applications of newly produced nanofibers based on graphene and its derivatives in the real worlds.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The materials are a key factor to the technological innovation which makes our everyday life pleasant as well as fantastic practicality, for example, a variety of household products and also electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops, excellent sensing gadgets, and so on.^1,2 The development of unique materials usually arrives with the most exciting and worthwhile era of scientific study in both theoretical as well as experimental aspects. Considering the cutting-edge material, it generally comes along with several tricky possibilities to reexamine old issues, along with problems are drawn that is one of the most desirable things to the scientific society.³ Carbon is one of the most interesting components in the world. In addition to its characteristics, it consistently had a matter of intense awareness as well as vital investigation.^4,5,6 Several allotropic types of carbon are popular including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and so on. Nanoribbon is the key allotropes of the nanocarbon fraternity. Among these types of nanocarbon materials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes graphene, as well as graphene nanoribbon), graphene is considered the most recently found member of the carbon family.⁷ Therefore graphene is the newest allotrope of carbon found by Sir Andre Geim and coworkers. It is an entirely two-dimensional (2D) single layer, only one atom thick graphitic material, that is exceptionally strong as well as an outstanding conductor of electricity and heat. Due to these kinds of remarkable features such as electronic, thermal and magnetic features, and 2D structure, graphene has participated to necessary scientific studies in basic chemistry, physics, and materials science in addition to condensed matter physics.^8,9 Graphene pertains to a single-atom-layered aromatic carbon material; nevertheless, it is generally tricky to prevent double or even few layers throughout the synthesis. On account of the outstanding features, several researchers addressed graphene as a sensational form of carbon.¹⁰ In this manner, graphene has emerged in form of a new expectation for the whole scientific society. It possesses extremely high inherent carrier mobility (200,000 cm²/V⁻¹ s⁻¹) and also displays the thermal conductivity many times higher than that of cupper. Moreover, it has the huge surface area which is possibly greater than single-walled carbon nanotube (2630 m² g⁻¹) and outstanding thermal and mechanical elastic properties.^11,12 The initial study into creating graphene and derivatives has primarily concentrated on oxidation of graphite. For instance, the most well-known method to create graphene in scalable quantity is the Hummers method which entails an oxidation-reduction process, in which the oxidation creates graphene oxide (GO) from graphite and consequently the reduction transforms the GO to graphene in the existence of a reluctant, for example, hydrazine or sodium borohydride.^13,14 In spite of this, currently, several strategies are being formulated for immediate as well as indirect manufacturing of graphene and its derivatives. It is vital to point out that use of functionalized as well as customized graphene is significantly higher than the pure graphene.¹⁵ Figure 1.1 shows the scheme of the modified graphene over pristine graphene (pure graphene).

FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the pristine graphene and modified graphene.

The real-time use of graphene and its derivatives has undoubtedly faced challenges such as scalable synthesis, storage, as well as appropriate processing. Consequently, desirable customization is extremely required on the surface of graphene.¹⁶ Within this range, a number of groundbreaking efforts have been discussed which are primarily related to the inclusion of various functional moieties on the graphene surface. Among the variety of modification methods, stabilization and modification of graphene have drawn substantial attention.¹⁷ Nevertheless, several of the commonly used modifications experience certain severe drawbacks. For example, several reduction techniques have been applied to complete the reduction of graphene from GO extracted functional active groups, although, it is not able to extract oxygen-containing moieties -OH, -COOH, and epoxy groups.^18,19 Thus, the reduction method provides O-H functional groups on graphene sheets that have a tendency to summate irreversibly. The irreversible accretion of graphene by means of π–π restacking will significantly encumber its production, storage, as well as distort its features.²⁰ As a result, stabilization as well as functionalization of graphene by means of modification of the material are required in order to prevent the unwanted aggregation.²¹ The aim of this chapter is to summarize the synthesis, properties, and application of graphene and its nanofibers.

1.2 PREPARATION OF GRAPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE

Several steps have been developed for the manufacturing of graphene. However, each and every established strategy has its advantages and weaknesses. Among the range of methods, chemical exfoliation is the most typical as well as wieldy employed method; however, it is cumbersome, timeconsuming, and also includes utilization of very ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Editors
• Table of Contents
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• Preface
• Section I: Advanced Composites Systems
• Section II: Electronic and Ionic Composites
• Section III: Prospects and Challenges of Composites
• Section IV: Biobased Composites
• Index