Urban Water Resources

Monzur Alam Imteaz

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9780429804144
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Environmental Science
• Index: Biological Sciences

Ever increasing urbanization is impacting both the quantity and quality of urban water resources. These urban water resources and components of the water cycle are likely to be affected severely. To minimize the consequences on world water resources, the development of sustainable water resources management strategies is inevitable. An integrated urban water resources management strategy is the key to maintain sustainable water resources. A preliminary understanding of physio-chemical processes and analysis methodologies involved in each and every component of the urban water cycle is necessary. In the past these components have been investigated and published individually.

With the view to aiding the development of integrated urban water resources management strategies, this book endeavors to present and explain the major urban water cycle components from a single holistic platform. The book presents the introduction, analysis and design methods of a wide range of urban water components i.e., rainfall, flood, drainage, water supply and waste water with the additions of sustainability practices in most of the components. Current "Hydrology" and "Hydraulics" books do not incorporate sustainability features and practices, while there are many books on general "Sustainability" without integrating sustainability concepts into typical engineering designs.

The book starts with components and classifications of world water resources, then basic and detailed components of the hydrologic cycle, climate change and its impacts on hydrologic cycle, rainfall patterns and measurements, rainfall losses, derivations of design rainfalls, streamflow measurements, flood frequency analysis and probabilistic flood estimations, deterministic flood estimations, unit hydrograph, flood modelling, commercial modelling tools and use of Geographical Information System (GIS) for flood modelling, principles of open channel hydraulics, critical flow and flow classification indices, open channel flow profiles, uniform flow in open channel and open channel design, estimation of future population and domestic water demand, design of water supply systems, sustainable water supply system, water treatments, wastewater quantification, wastewater treatments, sustainable and decentralized wastewater treatment, stormwater drainage and urban drainage analysis, water footprint and water-energy nexus, features of water conservation, harvesting and recycling, components of sustainable urban design, stormwater treatment and integrated water management.

Chapter

1

Introduction

1.1 World Water Resources

Water is a renewable resource and it exists in different forms. The total quantity (including all the forms) of water in the world is approximately 1.36 billion cubic kilometres (km³). However, out of this vast amount of water almost 96.5% is contained in the oceans, which is saline and not readily consumable. Out of the remaining 3.5%, almost 50% is contained as ice sheets/caps and permafrost in the Polar Regions and on mountain tops. Another 48% of the non-oceanic water is stored as groundwater, either as extractable groundwater or as soil moisture. Only about 0.013% of total water is available in lakes, rivers and reservoirs. Out of the total share of groundwater (1.69%), again 55% is saline and not readily consumable. To visualise these proportions in an easy way, if we consider the world’s total water volume equal to a 15 liters water bottle (usually used in drinking water fountains), a 375 mL can of cold drinks would be the volume of total fresh water and a teaspoon of 5.4 mL capacity would be able to hold the fresh water available in lakes, rivers and reservoirs. Table 1.1 shows the detailed distribution of world water resources in different forms.

Table 1.1 Distribution of world water resources

1.2 Classifications of Water Resources

In general, water resources can be defined as the sources of water which are potentially useful and available for fulfilling basic needs. These can be classified based on their sources as follows:

• (a) Surface water
• (b) Ground water
• (c) Spring water
• (d) Frozen water
• (e) Ocean water

These can be further classified in to two categories: i) readily available and ii) non-readily available. Among the five mentioned water resources, only ‘surface water’ and ‘spring water’ are readily available. ‘Ground water’ requires some extraction processes, some ‘frozen water’ from mountain tops melts during the summer and flows through the rivers and ‘ocean water’, though to make it readily available requires an expensive treatment process (desalination).

1.3 Climate and Climate Change

The climate of a particular area is the usual pattern of weather in that specific area over long periods of time, preferably 30 years or more. Although several factors/variables, such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation, contribute to the assessment of climate in a particular area/region, temperature and precipitations are the most familiar features of the climate of a particular area/region. Of these two most familiar features, precipitation directly influences many water/civil engineering activities and d...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Table of Contents
• About the Author
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Hydrologie Cycle and Rainfall-Runoff Processes
• 3. Probabilistic Rainfall/Flood Estimation
• 4. Design Rainfall
• 5. Deterministic Flow/Flood Estimations
• 6. Open Channel Hydraulics
• 7. Uniform Flow in Open Channel
• 8. Hydraulic Modelling
• 9. Water Supply Systems
• 10. Wastewater Systems
• 11. Stormwater Drainage
• 12. Water Conservation and Recycling
• 13. Water Sensitive Urban Design
• Appendix A
• Appendix B
• Index
• Color Section