Coccidiosis in Livestock, Poultry, Companion Animals, and Humans

J. P. Dubey

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781000762006
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Public Health, Administration & Care

Coccidiosis is one of the most important diseases of livestock, particularly poultry, with billions of dollars spent on prevention worldwide. The disease is so important and pervasive that until recently, all poultry feed was medicated with coccidiostats, mainly antibiotics. With the rapid development of drug resistance, the search is on for alternative methods of control of coccidiosis in poultry. With chapters authored by internationally renowned scientists, this book covers coccidiosis in all major livestock species, including cattle, sheep, and goats. Special emphasis is given to poultry coccidiosis given the significant economic impact, and another chapter looks at intestinal coccidiosis in humans, including Cyclospora. Chapters discuss techniques, molecular biology, host-pathogen immunobiology and immunoprophylaxis, genetics and genomics, biology, and chemotherapy.

Despite an explosion of research in the last 40 years, there has been no new book published discussing conventional coccidiosis for more than 25 years. This comprehensive review therefore answers an urgent need for a book dealing exclusively with conventional coccidia ( Cystoisospora, Cyclospora ). It provides concise, authoritative, up-to-date information on coccidiosis, with particular attention given to research in the last 28 years.

This book is essential reading for any practitioner or researcher involved in livestock production, including biologists, veterinarians, parasitologists, and researchers from government, academia, and industry.

Chapter 1

Biology of Intestinal Coccidia

J. P. Dubey, D. S. Lindsay, M. C. Jenkins, and C. Bauer

Contents

1.1Introduction and Brief History

1.2Genus Eimeria (syn. Coccidium)

1.2.1Life Cycle of Eimeria

1.2.1.1Oocyst

1.2.1.2Infection of the Host

1.2.1.3Asexual Development

1.2.1.4Sexual Development

1.2.1.5Extraintestinal Coccidia

1.2.1.6Description of Eimeria Species

1.3Genus Cystoisospora

1.4Ultrastructure

1.4.1Eimeria Species

1.4.1.1Oocysts, Sporocysts, Sporozoites

1.4.1.2Schizonts and Merozoites

1.4.1.3Microgamonts and Macrogamonts

1.4.2Cystoisospora

1.5In Vitro Cultivation

1.6Pathogenesis and Lesions of Intestinal Coccidiosis

1.7Diagnosis

1.8Control

References

1.1 Introduction and Brief History

Coccidia have long been recognized as one of the most important groups of parasites that infect animals, especially domestic livestock. Most of the stages of the life cycle require a microscope for visualization, but some accumulations of stages cause gross lesions that can be observed in the intestinal tract. Coccidia were not discovered until the invention of the microscope by Leeuwenhoek, who probably saw coccidian life-cycle stages (now recognized as Eimeria stiedai) in the liver of a rabbit.973–975 However, their economic importance was not realized until the early 1900s when outbreaks of bloody enteritis, caused by the coccidian E. tenella, were observed in the ceca of chickens.228,232,1717 Despite improvements in modern animal husbandry practices, such as better management, hygiene, and sanitation, it is still almost impossible to raise livestock coccidia free.

Until the discovery of the two-host (polyxenous) life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in 1970, conventional coccidia of the genus Eimeria were believed to have a simple oro-fecal one-host transmission life cycle with infections confined mostly to the intestines of the host. T. gondii is a tissue-dwelling coccidian that uses all warm-blooded animals, including humans, as intermediate hosts, but only felids can serve as the definitive host.420 Since the discovery of the life cycle of T. gondii, a heteroxenous development has been demonstrated in several other coccidia as well. As stated in the preface, this book is concerned with those coccidia that have a direct life cycle completed in a single host, i.e., one-host parasites (homoxenous parasites). Only coccidia of domestic animals and humans are discussed in this book with minimal information on phylogeny of rodents, wildlife, fish, reptiles, and amphibians in Chapter 2. The taxonomy of these parasites is as follows:

Phylum: Apicomplexa; Levine, 1970

Class: Sporozoasida; Leuckart, 1879

Subclass: Coccidiasina; Leuckart, 1879

Order: Ei...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Endorsements
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Editor
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Biology of Intestinal Coccidia
• Chapter 2: Phylogeny of Coccidian Parasites
• Chapter 3: Host Immunity in Coccidiosis
• Chapter 4: Vaccination
• Chapter 5: Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics of the Eimeria Species
• Chapter 6: Anticoccidial Drugs of Livestock and Poultry Industries
• Chapter 7: Coccidiosis in Cattle
• Chapter 8: Coccidiosis in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
• Chapter 9: Coccidiosis in Sheep
• Chapter 10: Coccidiosis in Goat (Capra hircus)
• Chapter 11: Coccidiosis of Pigs
• Chapter 12: Coccidiosis in Old World Camels
• Chapter 13: Coccidiosis in South American Camelids
• Chapter 14: Coccidiosis in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
• Chapter 15: Coccidiosis in Chickens (Gallus gallus)
• Chapter 16: Coccidiosis in Poultry in China
• Chapter 17: Coccidiosis in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
• Chapter 18: Coccidiosis in Ducks (Anas spp.)
• Chapter 19: Coccidiosis in Horses and Other Equids
• Chapter 20: Coccidiosis in Dogs (Canis familiaris)
• Chapter 21: Coccidiosis in Cats (Felis catus)
• Chapter 22: Coccidiosis in Humans
• References
• Index