Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz Ebrahimi

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2018
• ISBN:
  9780429998232
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

"This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles.

The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems."

—James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

"The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry."

—Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA

"The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals."

—Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom

The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included

• Chapters updated throughout the text.

• New homework problems, solutions, and examples.

• Includes two new chapters.

• Features accompanying MATLABTM software.

1

Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation

The development of internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, and especially automobiles, is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology. Automobiles have made great contributions to the growth of modern society by satisfying many of the needs for mobility in everyday life. The rapid development of the automotive industry, unlike that of any other industry, has prompted the progress of human beings from a primitive society to a highly developed industrial one. The automobile industry and the other industries that serve it constitute the backbone of the world’s economy and employ the greatest share of the working population.

However, the large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and continues to cause serious problems for the environment and human life. Air pollution, global warming, and the rapid depletion of the Earth’s petroleum resources are now problems of paramount concern.

In recent decades, the research and development activities related to transportation have emphasized the development of high-efficiency, clean, and safe transportation. Electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles in the near future.

This chapter reviews the problems of air pollution, gas emissions causing global warming, and petroleum resource depletion. It also briefly reviews the history of EVs, HEVs, and fuel cell technology.

1.1Air Pollution

At present, all vehicles rely on the combustion of hydrocarbon (HC) fuels to derive the energy necessary for their propulsion. Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products. The heat is converted to mechanical power by an engine, and the combustion products are released into the atmosphere. An HC is a chemical compound with molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Ideally, the combustion of an HC yields only carbon dioxide and water, which do not harm the environment. Indeed, green plants “digest” carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is a necessary ingredient in vegetal life. Animals do not suffer by breathing carbon dioxide unless its concentration in air is such that oxygen is almost absent.

The combustion of HC fuel in combustion engines is never ideal. Besides carbon dioxide and water, the combustion products contain a certain amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxides (CO), and unburned HCs, all of which are toxic to human health.

1.1.1Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) result from the reaction between nitrogen in the air and oxygen. Theoretically, nitrogen is an inert gas. However, the high temperatures and pressures in engines create favorable conditions for the formation of nitrogen oxides. Temperature is by far the most important parameter in nitrogen oxide formation. The most commonly found nitrogen oxide is nitric oxide (NO), although small amounts of nitric dioxide (NO2) and traces of nitrous oxide (N2O) are present. Once released into the atmosphere, NO reacts with oxygen to form NO2. This is later decomposed by the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation back to NO and highly reactive oxygen atoms that attack the membranes of living cells. Nitrogen dioxide is partly responsible for smog; its brownish color makes smog visible. It also reacts with atmospheric water to form nitric acid (HNO3), which dilutes in rain. This phenomenon is referred to as “acid rain” and is responsible for the destruction of forests in industrialized countries.1 Acid rain also contributes to the degradation of historical monuments made of marble.1

1.1.2Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide results from the incomplete combustion of HCs due to a lack of oxygen.1 It is a poison to human beings and animals that inhale/breathe it. Once carbon monoxide reaches blood cells, it attaches to the hemoglobin in place of oxygen, thereby diminishing the quantity of oxygen that reaches the organs and reducing the physical and mental abilities of the affected living beings.1 Dizziness is the first symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning, which can rapidly lead to death. Carbon monoxide binds more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen. The bonds are so strong that normal body functions cannot break them. People intoxicated by carbon monoxide must be treated in pressurized chambers, where the pressure makes it easier to break the carbon monoxide–hemoglobin bonds.

1.1.3Unburned HCs

Unburned HCs are a result of the incomplete combustion of HCs.1,2 Depending on their nature, unburned HCs may be harmful to living beings.2 Some of these unburned HCs may be direct poisons or carcinogenic chemicals such as particulates, benzene, or others. Unburned HCs are also responsible for smog; the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation interacts with the unburned HCs and NO in the atmosphere to form ozone and other products. Ozone is a molecule formed by three oxygen atoms. It is colorless but very dangerous and poisonous because it attacks the membranes of living cells, causing them to age prematurely or die. Toddlers, older people, and asthmatics suffer greatly from exposure to high ozone concentrations. Annually, deaths from high ozone peaks in polluted cities have been reported.3

1.1.4Other Pollutants

Impurities in fuels result in the emission of pollutants. The major impurity is sulfur, mostly found in diesel and jet fuel but also in gasoline and natural gas.1 The combustion of sulfur (or sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide) with oxygen releases sulfur oxides (SOx). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the major product of this combustion. On contact with air, it forms sulfur trioxide, which later reacts with water to form sulfuric acid, a major component of acid rain. It should be noted that sulfur oxide emissions originate from transportation sources but also largely from the combustion of coal in power plants and steel factories. In addition, there is debate over the exact contribution of natural sources such as volcanoes.

Petroleum companies add chemical compounds to their fuels to improve the performance or lifetime of engines.1 Tetraethyl lead, often referred to simply as “lead,” was used to improve the knock resistance o...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Authors
• 1. Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation
• 2. Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Braking
• 3. Internal Combustion Engines
• 4. Vehicle Transmission
• 5. Electric Vehicles
• 6. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• 7. Electric Propulsion Systems
• 8. Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain
• 9. Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design
• 10. Design and Control Methodology of Series–Parallel (Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain
• 11. Design and Control Principles of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• 12. Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design
• 13. Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storage
• 14. Fundamentals of Regenerative Braking
• 15. Fuel Cells
• 16. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design
• 17. Design of Series Hybrid Drivetrain for Off-Road Vehicles
• 18. Design of Full-Size-Engine HEV with Optimal Hybridization Ratio
• 19. Powertrain Optimization
• 20. User Guide for Multiobjective Optimization Toolbox
• Appendix: Technical Overview of Toyota Prius
• Index