Magmas, Rocks and Planetary Development

A Survey of Magma/Igneous Rock Systems

Eric A. K. Middlemost

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781317892632
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Scienze fisiche
• Subtopic: Geografia

The variety of volcanic activity in the Solar System is widely recognised, yet the majestic sequences of magmatic processes that operate within an active planet are much less well known. Providing an exposition of igneous rocks, magmas and volcanic erupsions, this book brings together magnetic and volcanic data from different tectonic settings, and planets, with explanations of how they fit together. It systematically examines composition, origin and evolution of common igneous rocks, yet also examines a variety of rare magnetic rocks that play a crucial role in the global magma/igneous rock system.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

Figure 1.3 from Volcanism in Hawaii, Vol. 1, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 839 pp. US Department of Industry, Geological Survey (Decker et al., 1987); Fig. 1.4 from a sketch map of Campí Flegreì caldera compex west of Napoli in southern Italy. Scale 1:15,000 Consiglio Nazionale Delle Richerche, Progetto finalizzeato Geodinamaica Roma, Italy (After Rosi et al., 1986); Fig. 1.9 from The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics, p. 6, Cambridge University Press (Fowler, 1990); Fig. 1.11 from Volcanism Associated with Extension at Consuming Plate Margins, pp. 3-28, The Geological Society Publishing House, London, Special Publication No. 81, 293 pp. (Hamilton, 1994); Fig. 1.12 from sketch map of the Thar sis Dome on Mars Geological Map of Mars, United States Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map 1-1083, US Department of Industry, Geological Survey (adapted from Scott and Carr, 1978); Fig. 2.1 from 'Nomenclature of pyroxenes,' Mineralogical Magazine, 52, pp. 535-550, Mineralogical Society (Morimoto et al., 1988); Fig. 2.6 from 'IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks: classification and nomenclature of volcanic rocks,' Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Stuttgart, 143, pp. 1-14 (Streckaisen, 1978); Fig. 2.7 from 'A chemical classification of volcanic rocks . . .,' Journal of Petrology, 27, pp. 745-750 (adapted from Le Bas et al., 1986) and from 'A classification of Igneous rocks . . .,' Journal of Petrology, 17 (4), pp. 589-637 (Le Maitre et al., 1976); Fig. 2.9 from 'The frequency distribution of igneous rocks,' Mineralogical Magazine, 19, pp. 303-313, Mineralogical Society (Richardson and Sneesby, 1922); Fig. 2.17 from 'Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system,' Earth Science Reviews, 37, pp. 215-24, Trans A: 271, 1972, The Royal Society (Middlemost, 1994); Fig. 2.19 from 'Meteorites' p. 241-250 (Wood, 1990) in The New Solar System, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press (Beatty and Chaikin, Editors); Fig. 2.21 reprinted from 'Trace element variation during fractional crystallisation . . .,' Geochimica et Cosmachimica Acta, 6, pp. 90-99 (Neumann et al., 1954) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington OX5 1GB, UK; Fig. 2.22 reprinted from 'Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks using trace element analyses,' Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, pp. 290-300 with kind permission of Elsevier Science, — NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Pearce and Cann, 1973); Fig. 2.23 from 'Hawaiian alkaline volcanism' (Clague, 1987) in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, (Fitton and Upton, Editors) Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 30, 568 pp; Fig. 3.1 from A Continent Revealed: the European Geotraverse, p. 212, Cambridge University Press (Blundell et al., Editors 1992); Fig. 3.2 from 22.1 Understanding the Earth, The Open University (Clifford, 1971); Fig 3.3 from 'Eruptive environment and geochemistry of Archaean ultramafic, mafic and felsic volcanic rocks in Eastern Yilgarn Craton,' IAVCEI Excursion Guide, Canberra, Record 1993/62, Australian Geological Survey Organisation 40 pp. (Morris et al., 1993); Fig. 3.4 from Neodymium Isotope Geochemistry: an Introduction, p. 100 © Springer Verlag GMbH and Co. KG, Berlin, 187, pp. (De Paolo, 1988); Fig. 3.5 reprinted from 'The Yellowstone hotspot,' Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 61, pp. 121-187 (Fig. on p. 176) with kind permission from Elsevier Science — NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Smith & Braile, 1994); Fig. 4.9 from 'Volcanological study of the great Tambora eruption of 1815,' Geology, 12 pp. 659-663, Geological Society of America, (Rampino et al., 1984); Figs 4.14, 4.16, 4.17 and Plates 4.1 and 6.3 from Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas — all in the public domain; Fig. 5.2 from Volcanism in Hawaii, United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1350, 1667 pp. US Department of Industry (Decker et al., 1987); Fig. 5.3 from 'Long Valley caldera and Mon-Inyo Craters volcanic chain, eastern California,' New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 47, pp. 227-254, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources (Bailey et al., 1989); Fig. 5.4 from 'The anatomy of a batholith,' Journal of the Geological Society, London, 135, pp. 157-182 (Pitcher, 1978); Fig. 6.1 from The Evolution of Igneous Rocks: Fifteenth Anniversary Perspectives, © 1979, reprinted/reproduced by permission of Princeton University Press (Yoder, Editor, 1979); Fig. 6.6 from The Regional Geological Setting of the Bushveld Complex, Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 18 pp. (Hunter, 1975); Figs 7.2 and 7.3 from 'Origins of basalt magmas: An experimental study of the natural and synthetic rock systems,' Journal of Petrology, 3 (3), pp. 342-532, Oxford University Press (Yoder and Tilley, 1962); Figs 7.4 and 11.9 from A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematica of Igneous Rocks, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford (Le Maitre et al., Editors, 1989); Fig. 7.6 from Generation of Basaltic Magma, National Academy of Sciences, © 1976 by the US National Academy of Sciences, Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, DC (Yoder, 1976); Fig. 8.1 from 'Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks from the Pontic Chain, Northern Turkey,' Bulletin Volcanologique, 39(4), pp. 1-13 © Springer Verlag GMbH & Co. KG (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1975); Fig. 8.7 from 'Structure and eruptive history of the Tarawera Volcanic Complex, New Zealand,' Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 13(4) pp. 879-902, The Royal Society of New Zealand (Cole, 1970); Fig. 10.1 from 'Recent high temperature research on silicates and its significance in igneous geology,' American Journal of Science, 33, pp. 1-21 (Bowen, 1937) and also in 'The alkali feldspar join . . .,' Journal of Geology, 58, pp. 512-517, University of Chicago Press (Schairer, 1950); Fig. 10.2 from sketch map of Eastern Australian Volcanic Province, in The Warrumbungle Volcano: a geological guide to the Warrumbungle National Park, Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO), (Duggan and Knutson); Fig. 2.21 reprinted from 'A mildly depleted upper mantle beneath Southeast Norway: evidence from basalts in the Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift,' Tectonophysics, 178, pp. 89-107 with kind permission from Elsevier Science — NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Neumann et al., 1954); Fig. 11.1 from 'Tertiary-Quaternary extension-related alkaline magmatism in western and central Europe,' Journal of Petrology, 32, pp. 811-849, Oxford University Press (Wilson et al., 1991); Fig. 11.6 from 'Pedogenesis of potassium rich lavas from the Roccamonifina Volcano, Roman Region, Italy,' Journal of Petrology, 13 pp. 425-456, Oxford University Press (Appleton, 1972); Fig. 11.10 from Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology, Plenum Publishing Corporation (Mitchell, 1986).

Whilst every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material, in a few cases this has proved impossible and we take this opportunity to offer our apologies to any copyright holders whose rights we may have unwittingly infringed.

Chapter 1
Historical account of magma/igneous rock system

The Earth is itself essentially a composite igneous rock . . .

Daly, 1933, p. vii.

1.1 Molten rock

The awesome power and beauty of volcanic eruptions epitomise the global magma/igneous rock system. As one observes the spectacular ejection of incandescent material, and feels the heat and harmonic tremor, one senses the presence of hot, pulsating molten material gushing up from within the Earth. During a volcanic eruption one may discern the turbulent interface between magma and the materials, such as lava, pyroc1asts and gases, that are explosively released as magma thrusts towards the surface. Magmas and magmatic rocks belong to a complex, dynamical system that operates within planets (see Fig. 1.1). Although this system contains the potential to evolve in a bewildering variety of ways, a particular magma usually settles into an ordered pattern of evolution, and the number of common magmas is remarkably small.

Valuable insights into the operation of the magma/igneous rock system may be gleaned from investigating the eruption cycle of an accessible volcano that erupts frequently. Kilauea on Hawaii is just such a volcano (see Fig. 1.2). Research by seismologists and volcanologists has established how the magma system in this volcano operates from source to vent (Tilling and Dvorak, 1993, p. 125). Magma is generated at a depth of approximately 80 km. It migrates up a vertical conduit until it reaches the level where its density almost equals that of the surrounding rocks. This happens at a depth of about 7 km beneath the summit caldera. It is here that a magma reservoir begins to amass. The reservoir ben...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements