Capillary Electrophoresis

Trends and Developments in Pharmaceutical Research

Suvardhan Kanchi, Salvador Sagrado, Myalo I. Sabela, Krishna Bisetty

• Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781351846721
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Pharmacology

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an established method with widespread recognition as an analytical technique of choice in numerous analytical laboratories, including industrial and academic sectors. Pharmaceutical and biochemical research and quality control are the most important CE applications. This book provides a comparative assessment of related techniques on mode selection, method development, detection, and quantitative analysis and estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters and broadens the understanding of modern CE applications, developments, and prospects. It introduces the fundamentals of CE and clearly outlines the procedures used to mitigate several barriers, such as detection limits, signal detection, changing capillary environment, resolution separation of analytes, and hyphenation of mass spectrometry with CE, for a range of analytical problems. Each chapter outlines a specific electrophoretic variant with detailed instructions and some standard operating procedures. In this respect, the book meets its desired goal of rendering assistance to lovers of electrophoresis.

Contents

Preface

1. Capillary Electrophoresis: A Versatile Technique in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Imran Ali, Zeid A. Alothman, Abdulrahman Alwarthan, and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis

1.3 Types of Capillary Electrophoresis

1.4 Instrumentation

1.4.1 Sample Introduction

1.4.2 Capillary Electrophoresis Capillary

1.4.3 Power Supply

1.4.4 Background Electrolyte

1.4.5 Detection

1.4.5.1 UV/Vis absorbance detectors

1.4.5.2 Conductivity detectors

1.4.5.3 Amperometric detectors

1.4.5.4 Thermooptical absorbance detectors

1.4.5.5 Fluorescence detectors

1.4.5.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy detectors

1.4.5.7 Inductively coupled plasma detectors

1.4.5.8 Mass detectors

1.4.5.9 Miscellaneous detectors

1.4.5.10 Indirect detection

1.5 Data Integration

1.6 Sample Preparation

1.7 Method Development and Optimization

1.8 Validation of Methods

1.9 Applications

1.10 Conclusion

2. Recent Applications of Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis in Pharmaceutical Analysis

José María Saz and María Luisa Marina

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Chiral Selectors Added to BGE for Enantioseparation of Chiral Drugs by CCE

2.2.1 Cyclodextrins

2.2.2 Macrocyclic Antibiotics

2.2.3 Polysaccharides

2.2.4 Other Chiral Selectors

2.3 Applications of CCE in Pharmaceutical Analysis

2.3.1 Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations

2.3.2 Analysis of Illicit Drugs

2.3.3 Analysis of Biological Samples

3. A Mini-Review on Enantiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin using Capillary Electrophoresis: Pharmaceutical Applications

Suvardhan Kanchi, Myalowenkosi Sabela, Deepali Sharma, and Krishna Bisetty

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Role of CE in Pharmaceutical Analysis

3.3 Challenges Involved in the Enantiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin

3.4 Developments in Enanatiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin

3.4.1 Recent Developments in Enantiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin

3.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Enantiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin

3.6 Role of Computational Techniques in Enantiomeric Separation of Ofloxacin

3.6.1 Molecular Modeling

3.6.2 Molecular Dynamic Simulations

3.7 Conclusion

4. Nano-Stationary Phases for Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Sagar Roy

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Different Types of Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials

4.3 Synthetic Strategies for Immobilization for Nano-Stationary Phases

4.4 Evaluation of Nano-Stationary Phases

4.5 Conclusion

5. Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Enantiomeric Drugs Analysis

Vítězslav Maier, Martin Švidrnoch, and Jan Petr

5.1 Enantioseparation of Pharmaceutical Products

5.2 Basic Concepts of Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrophoresis

5.3 Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry

5.3.1 Electrospray Ionization in Hyphenation of CE with MS

5.4 Interfacing of CE-ESI-MS

5.4.1 Sheathless Interface

5.4.2 Sheath Liquid Interface

5.4.3 Liquid-Junction Interface

5.5 Compatibility of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry

5.5.1 Basic Principles of Partial Filling Technique

5.6 Cyclodextrin as CS for CE-MS Enantioseparation

5.6.1 Experimental Setup without Restrictions of the CD Entering MS Ion Source

5.6.2 Counter-Current Mode for CD-Mediated Enantioseparation by CE-ESI-MS

5.6.3 Partial Filling Technique Employing Neutral Derivatives of CDs

5.6.4 Combination of PFT and Counter-Current Migration for CD-Mediated CE-ESI-MS Enantioseparation

5.7 Enantioseparation using MEKC-MS

5.8 Crown Ethers Mediated Enantioseparations by CE-MS

5.9 Macrocyclic Antibiotics as CS for CE-MS

5.10 Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis- Mass Spectrometry for Enantioseparation

5.11 Enantioseparation by CEC-MS

5.12 Specifics of Quantitative Analysis of Enantiomers by CE-MS

6. Enantioselective Drug-Plasma Protein-Binding Studies by Capillary Electrophoresis

Laura Escuder-Gilabert, Yolanda Martín-Biosca, Salvador Sagrado,^a,b and María José Medina-Hernández

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Plasma Proteins

6.3 Capillary Electrophoresis for Enantioselective Protein-Binding Experiments

6.3.1 Combination of CE with other Separation Techniques

6.3.2 CE for Direct Enantioselective Protein-Binding Evaluation

6.4 Experimental Design and Mathematical Models in Protein-Binding Studies

6.4.1 Mathematical Models and Deficiencies

6.4.2 Experimental Design and Verification of the Assumptions

6.4.3 Examples Illustrating the Direct Approach Strategy

6.5 Studies on the Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for Evaluating Enantioselective Plasma Protein Binding of Chiral Drugs

6.6 Conclusion

7. Clinical Use of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis: New Insights into Parkinson’s Disease

Pedro Rada,^a,b Luis Betancourt, Sergio Sacchettoni, Juan Félix del Corral, Hilarión Araujo, and Luis Hernández

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Parkinson’s Disease

7.1.2 Basal Ganglia Circuitry

7.1.3 In Vivo Monitoring of Brain Molecules

7.2 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

7.2.1 GABA in the Ventrolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus in Two PD Patients

7.2.2 Sample Preparation

7.2.3 Running Conditions

7.3 Result

7.3.1 Polyamine Putrescine and Parkinson’s Disease

7.3.2 Blood Sampling

7.3.3 Running Conditions

7.3.4 Putrescine Levels in RBCs and Plasma of PD Patients

8. Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis for Evaluation of Enantioselective Drug Metabolism

Yolanda Martín-Biosca, Laura Escuder-Gilabert, Salvador Sagrado,^a,b and María José Medina-Hernández

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Enzymatic Reactions in CE: Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis

8.3 Evaluation of Enantioselective Metabolism by EMMA

8.3.1 Study of Stereoselectivity of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Isoforms using Cimetine as Substrate

8.3.2 Characterization of the Enantioselective CYP3A4 Catalyzed N-demethylation of Ketamine

8.3.3 Evaluation of Enantioselective Metabolism of Verapamil and Fluoxetine by the at-Inlet EMMA Mode

8.4 Conclusion

9. Capillary Electrophoresis for the Quality Control of Intact Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Anne-Lise Marie, Grégory Rouby, Emmanuel Jaccoulet, Claire Smadja, Nguyet Thuy Tran, and Myriam Taverna

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Impurities and Drug-Related Substances

9.2.1 Process-Related Impurities

9.2.2 Product-Related Substances

9.2.2.1 Chemical degradations

9.2.2.2 Biochemical degradations

9.2.2.3 Physical degradations

9.3 Identity and Heterogeneity of mAbs

9.3.1 Source of Natural Heterogeneity of Proteins: Post-Translational Modifications

9.3.2 Identity Control Issues after mAb Compounding

9.4 Quality Control of mAbs at Different Stages of Their Production

9.4.1 In-process Controls

9.4.2 Control of Drug-Related Substances

9.4.2.1 Capillary zone electrophoresis

9.4.2.2 Capillary gel electrophoresis

9.4.2.3 Capillary isoelectric focusing

9.4.3 Control of Compounded mAb before Patient Administration

9.5 Conclusion

10. Molecular Simulation of Chiral Selector-Enantiomer Interactions through Docking: Antimalarial Drugs as Case Study

Myalowenkosi Sabela, Suvardhan Kanchi, Deepali Sharma, and Krishna Bisetty

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Procedure

10.2.1 Experimental Protocol

10.2.2 Simulation Protocol

10.2.2.1 Ligand and receptor pre...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Halftitle
• Title
• Copyright
• Table of Contents