Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda, Hui Ying Hoh, Joice Sophia, Yunzhou Xue, Jian Yuan, Wenzhi Yu, Haoran Mu, Yao Chen, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Discovery of Graphene and lts Properties
1.3 Production of Graphene
1.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
1.3.2 Epitaxial Growth
1.3.2.1 Epitaxial growth mechanism
1.3.2.2 Different substrates adopted
1.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
1.3.4 Solution Processing
1.3.4.1 Graphite/graphene oxides
1.3.4.2 Reduced graphene oxides
1.4 Optical Properties of Graphene
1.4.1 Linear Optical Properties
1.4.2 Nonlinear Optical Properties
2 Application of Graphene in Lasers
Yao Chen, Haoran Mu, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mode-Locking Fiber Laser Based on Graphene
2.3 Q-Switching Fiber Laser Based on Graphene
2.4 Graphene in the Solid State Laser
2.5 Conclusion
3 Graphene-Based Optical Modulators
Sheng Gan, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Graphene Strip-Waveguide Optical Modulators
3.3 Graphene-Slot Waveguide Optical Modulators
3.4 Optical Modulators with MZI and Ring Structures
3.5 Optical Modulators with Vertical Structure
3.6 Conclusion
4 Optics Letters
ZiyuWang, Zai-Quan Xu, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Bao,a,b
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional In-Line Polarizers
4.3 Graphene-Based Polarizers
4.3.1 Optical Fiber Polarizers
4.3.2 Optical Waveguide Polarizers
4.4 Conclusion
5 Graphene-Based Photodetectors
Shaojuan Li, Yan Liu, Hui Ying Hoh, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plasma-Enhanced Graphene Photodetectors
5.3 Resonant CavityâEnhanced Graphene Photodetectors
5.4 Waveguide-Integrated Graphene Photodetector
5.5 Van der Waals Heterojunction Structure Photodetector
5.6 Conclusion and Outlook
6 Graphene for Solar Cells
Pengfei Li, YushengWang, Qasim Khan,a, Hui Ying Hoh, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different Types of Graphene for Solar Cells
6.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
6.3.1 Graphene as Transparent Electrodes
6.3.2 Graphene as Catalytic Counter Electrodes
6.4 Organic/Polymer Solar Cells
6.4.1 Functionalized Graphene as Electrode
6.4.2 Functionalized Graphene as Transport Layer
6.4.3 Functionalized Graphene as Active Layer
6.5 Graphene-Silicon Hybrid Solar Cells
6.6 Conclusion
7 Graphene Plasmonics
Qingyang Xu, Yao Lu, Jian Yuan, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theoretical Investigations
7.2.1 Electron Behavior in Two Dimensions
7.2.2 Dispersion Relation of Graphene Plasmons
7.2.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritons
7.2.4 Surface Plasmons Coupled with Phonons
7.3 Excitation of Surface Plasmons in Graphene
7.3.1 Spectroscopy Investigations of Surface Plasmons
7.3.2 Real-Space Imaging and Detection of Surface Plasmons
7.3.2.1 EELS and ARPES
7.3.2.2 Lightplasmons coupling
7.4 Plasmonic Devices
7.4.1 Surface Plasmons in Graphene
7.4.2 Surface Plasmons in Graphene Ribbons
7.4.3 Surface Plasmons in Graphene Disks, Rings
7.4.4 Surface Plasmons in Graphene/Insulator or TI Stacks
7.5 Conclusion
8 Graphene as Optical Limiters
Hui Ying Hoh and Qiaoliang Baoa,
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nonlinear Effect
8.2.1 Nonlinear AbsorptionâMultiphoton Absorption
8.2.2 Nonlinear AbsorptionâExcited-State Absorption (Reverse Saturable Absorption)
8.2.3 Nonlinear Scattering
8.3 Carbon-Based Optical Limiters
8.4 Graphene-Based Optical Limiters
8.4.1 Graphene Dispersions
8.4.2 Composites Containing Graphene
8.5 Conclusion
9 Graphene-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
Jialu Zheng, Hui Ying Hoh, Yupeng Zhang, and Qiaoliang Baoa,
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Development of Graphene-Based LEDs
9.2.1 Selective Doped Graphene as Anodic Electrode or Cathodic Electrode
9.2.2 Improvement in CVD Growth of Graphene
9.3 Combination of Graphene Electrodes with Other Materials
9.3.1 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with Nanoclusters
9.3.2 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with One-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures
9.3.3 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with SWCNTs
9.3.4 Integration of Graphene Electrodes with Nanowires
9.4 Other Potential Applications of Graphene in LEDs
9.4.1 Photoluminescence from Graphene Oxide
9.4.2 Graphene Interlayer for Current Spreading Enhancement
9.5 Conclusion
10 Graphene-Based Touchscreens
Shivananju Bannur Nanjundaa and Qiaoliang Baoa,
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transparent Touchscreen Electrodes
10.2.1 Indium Tin Oxide
10.2.2 Conducting Polymers
10.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
10.2.4 Graphene
10.2.5 Working Principle of Graphene Touchscreen
10.3 Resistive Touchscreens
10.4 Capactive Touchscreens
10.5 Graphene-Based Touchscreens
10.5.1 Comparison of Graphene and ITO-Based Touchscreen Devices
10.5.2 Current and Future Trends of Graphene-Based Touchscreens
11 Perspective
Hui Ying Hoh and Qiaoliang Baoa,
11.1 Strategies for Overcoming Challenges
11.2 Other Two-Dimensional Materials
Index
Preface
We have been investigating the optical applications of graphene since 2008 because we saw that it has the potential to significantly improve human lives in several ways such as energy harvesting (solar cells), optical communication, and low-cost touchscreens. There is numerous literature about graphene synthesis and properties and some on devices and applications. However, only few provide in-depth discussions about the many possible ways graphene may be utilized in optical devices, and this gave us the idea to bring out Graphene Photonics, Optoelectronics, and Plasmonics.
Photonics is the science and technology concerned with light (photons or particles of light), and it deals with its properties, generation, manipulation and, detect...