The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right

Peter Davies, Derek Lynch

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2005
• ISBN:
  9781134609529
• Edition: 1
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: World History
• Index: History

The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right is an engaging and accessible guide to the origins of fascism, the main facets of the ideology and the reality of fascist government around the world. In a clear and simple manner, this book illustrates the main features of the subject using chronologies, maps, glossaries and biographies of key individuals.

As well as the key examples of Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy, this book also draws on extreme right-wing movements in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Far East.

In a series of original essays, the authors explain the complex topics including:

• the roots of fascism
• fascist ideology
• fascism in government and opposition
• nation and race in fascism
• fascism and society
• fascism and economics
• fascism and diplomacy.

I
FASCISM AND THE FAR RIGHT

The basics

CHRONOLOGY

NOTES

This section chronicles events of note or interest in the history of fascism and far-right politics.

Where appropriate, events in, or related to, the same country in the same year are grouped together.

1870

Franco-Prussian War.

1871

Birth of the Ku Klux Klan.

Unification of Germany.

Unification of Italy.

US Congressional enquiry into Ku Klux Klan activities.

1883

Mussolini born in Predappio.

1886

Publication of Drumont’s La France Juive in France; Boulanger becomes French Minister of War.

1889

Hitler born in Braunau, Austria.

1892

Hitler's family move to Linz.

1893

Founding of Gobineau Society.

1896

Birth of Oswald Mosley.

Italian forces routed at Adwa.

1899

Formation of Action Française (AF) by Charles Maurras.

1900

H.S. Chamberlain publishes Foundations of the Nineteenth Century.

1902

British Brothers League founded.

Mussolini visits Switzerland.

1903

Formation of the French National Socialist Movement.

Wandervogel movement founded in Germany.

Birth of Italian journal, Il Leonardo.

1904

Formation of the German Workers’ Party in Austria.

Jaunes movement founded in France.

Mussolini begins military service.

1906

Mussolini starts work as a teacher.

1907

Hitler moves to Vienna.

1908

Birth of the AF newspaper, L'Action Française.

Mussolini becomes a journalist.

1910

Formation of the Associazione Nazionale Italiana (ANI).

1912

Kuomintang (KMT) leads Chinese Revolution.

Mussolini becomes editor of Avanti.

1914

Mussolini founds Il Popolo d'ltalia and leaves Avanti; he is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.

(October) Establishment of Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria (FAR).

1915

Reconstitution of the Ku Klux Klan.

Italy joins the war; Mussolini begins military service.

1917

Birth of German Fatherland Party.

National Party founded in Britain.

Russian Revolution.

(November) Italian military defeat at Ca-poretto.

1918

University Reform movement born in Argentina.

In Austria the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP) evolves into the equivalent of Hitler's National Socialist German Workers’ Party and becomes known as the DNSAP.

In Germany the Hohenzollern Empire collapses and the German Workers’ Party (DAP) emerges.

Oswald Mosley elected Coalition Unionist MP for Harrow.

Battle of Vittorio Veneto; beginning of ‘Biennio Rosso’ in Italy.

Broederbond founded in South Africa.

(November) Establishment of Weimar Republic.

1919

Birth of the Deutsche National Volks Partei (DNVP) in Germany.

Founding of Etelköz Association (EKSZ).

Mussolini hosts Milan Conference; Fascist Party programme highlights belief in corporatism.

Future Romanian fascists Codreanu and Cuza meet for first time.

(January) Drexler founds German Workers’ Party – Munich.

(March) First Fasci di Combattimento emerges in Italy.

(June) Treaty of Versailles.

(September) D'Annunzio captures Fiume. Hitler attends first meeting of German Workers’ Party.

(November) Fascist failure in Italian General Election.

1920

Oswald Mosley elected Independent MP.

Charter of Carnaro published in Italy.

Codreanu launches a range of nationalist movements in Romanian university sector.

Treaty of Rapallo.

(February) German Workers’ Party becomes known as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) -Hitler announces its new programme.

(March) ‘Kapp Putsch’ in Berlin. Admiral Horthy becomes Hungarian leader.

(December) Ending of D'Annunzio's Fiume occupation.

1921

Nazi Storm Troopers (SA) founded in Germany.

Mussolini outlines his ‘collective’ ideology at Rome Congress; he signs ‘Pact of Pacification’ with the Liberals.

Founding of Society for the Preservation of the National Essence in Japan.

(February) Fascists and Communists clash in Italy.

(May) Fascists win thirty-five seats in Italian General Election.

(July) Hitler becomes Nazi leader.

(November) Mussolini founds Italian Fascist Party.

1922

Formation of Academic Karelia Society (AKS) in Finland.

Göbbels joins Nazi Party.

Collapse of the Banca Italiana di Sconto.

Texas sends a Ku Klux Klan representative, Earl Mayfield, to the US Senate.

Second Treaty of Rapallo.

(January) Mussolini sets up syndicates in each sector of the economy.

(August) Italian Fascists clash with left-wing militants.

(October) March on Rome; Mussolini becomes Italian Prime Minister and forms government.

(December) Establishment of Fascist Grand Council.

1923

Treaty of Lausanne.

Founding of British Fascists (BF).

Italy gains Fiume; Giovanni Gentile joins Fascist Party.

National Christian Defence League born in Romania.

(January) French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations payments; German forces offer passive resistance.

(February) Nationalists embrace Mussolini's Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF).

(July) Acerbo electoral law passed in Italy.

(August) Captain Gömbös founds Racialist Party in Hungary. Unrest in Germany as economic problems increase.

(September) Mussolini involved in Corfu incident. Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes Spanish dictator.

(November) Hitler's Munich ‘Beer Hall Putsch’ - Nazi Party is banned as a consequence.

(December) Palazzo Chigi Agreement signed by Mussolini and industrialists; Mussolini founds the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN).

1924

Jeunesses Patriotes (JP) founded in France. Oswald Mosley joins the Labour Party but is not elected to parliament in the General Election.

Serpieri begins, and then restarts, ‘Battle for Land Reclamation’ in Italy.

Aprismo movement (APRA) founded in Peru.

Formation of National Unity Movement and National Socialist League of Freedom in Sweden.

(March) Mussolini annexes Fiume.

(April) Fascists gain victory in Italian General Election. Hitler sentenced to five years imprisonment.

(June) Kidnap and assassination of Matteotti by Fascists.

(August) Dawes Plan outlines Germany's schedule for reparations payments; French troops begin to leave the Ruhr.

(December) Hitler released from prison under general amnesty. Consuls’ revolt in Italy.

1925

Treaty of Locarno.

Founding of Le Faisceau in France by Georges Valois.

Hitler's Mein Kampf published in Germany; Schutzstaffel (SS) established.

National Fascists born in Britain; Mosley publishes Revolution by Reason.

Mussolini assumes nickname of Il Duce; he disbands the ‘Blackshirts’, places limits on emigration and founds Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro.

Birth of Norwegian Patriotic League.

(January) Mussolini announces the beginnings of dictatorship and admits responsibility for past Fascist actions; Farinacci becomes PNF secretary; European stock exchanges begin to speculate on the fall of the lira.

(February) Nazi Party refounded in Germany.

(April) Hindenburg becomes President of Germany.

(June) Mussolini promises to ‘make Italy Fascist’ in his Augusteo speech; protectionism reintroduced and trade unions ‘fascistised’.

(July) Volpi begins ‘Battle for Wheat’ in Italy by reintroducing protective tax on wheat.

(October) Palazzo Vidoni Agreement signed by Mussolini, trade unionists and industrialists.

(December) Law gives Mussolini total executive power.

1926

Austrian DNSAP changes its name to NSDAP.

Georges Valois publishes French Fascism in Italian.

Hitler Youth formed. Mosley elected Labour MP for Smethwick.

Mussolini guarantees industrialists key public supply contracts; he creates the Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State and outlaws all Italian political parties except his own. He also introduces the Opera Nazionale Balilla and announces a protectorate over Albania.

Pilsudski grabs power in Poland.

General Carmona gains power in Portugal.

The Codreanu-Cuza National Christian Defence League wins six parliamentary seats in Romania.

(January) Mussolini's decrees given the power of laws.

(March) Fascist government in Italy tries to discourage peasants from migrating to towns.

(April) Rocco Law in Italy paves the way for legal recognition of syndicates; strikes and factory committees banned; collective contracts extended to all labour relations; Mussolini makes unions ‘state organisations’; Turati becomes PNF secretary.

(July) Ministry of Corporations established in Italy; workers’ unions combine into National Confederation of Fascist Unions.

(August) Mussolini announces policy of deflation.

(November) Tribunal established in Italy to adjudicate on ‘political crimes’.

(December) Gömbös's Racialist Party defeated in Hungarian elections.

1927

Mosley elected to the Labour Party NEC. Valois dissolves his Faisceau movement.

Dinter expelled from the German Nazi Party.

Ethnikistiki Enosis Ellados (EEE) founded in Greece.

Pilsudski creates Bezpartyjny Blok Wspólpracy z Rzadem (BBWR) in Poland.

Legion of the Archangel Michael formed by Romanian fascist Corneliu C...

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of maps
• Acknowledgements
• Note
• Introduction
• Part I Fascism and the far right: The basics
• Part II Fascism and the far right: Themes
• Part III Fascism and the far right: Sources, names and terms
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index