Interactive Problem Solving Using Logo

Heinz-Dieter Boecker, Hal Eden, Gerhard Fischer

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781134744176
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Education General

This book is unique in that its stress is not on the mastery of a programming language, but on the importance and value of interactive problem solving. The authors focus on several specific interest worlds: mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and games; however, their approach can serve as a model that may be applied easily to other fields as well. Those who are interested in symbolic computing will find that Interactive Problem Solving Using LOGO provides a gentle introduction from which one may move on to other, more advanced computational frameworks or more formal analysis. What is of primary importance, however, is the text's ability -- through its presentation of rich, open-ended problems -- to effectively cultivate crucial cognitive skills.

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Part 1:
Fundamentals of LOGO

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Introduction

Although the primary goal of our book is to provide a variety of interest worlds for you to investigate, some introduction to the fundamentals of programming using LOGO may be necessary. That is the goal of this part. However, given the diversity represented by the various versions of LOGO, we cannot present this material in a form that applies to all these systems. We advise you to use the user’s manual for your LOGO system as a companion to this section as we do not discuss how to

• start up LOGO

• edit LOGO programs

• use special purpose keys or the mouse to perform special functions such as interrupting, positioning the cursor, or deleting characters

• save or load LOGO programs from disk.

There may also be variations on exactly how the LOGO programs are written; we discuss some of these differences in Appendix I but, again, you should study your user’s manual to understand the details of your LOGO system.

We cover the basics that we feel are necessary to help you explore the topics presented in the rest of the book. In doing so, we hope to avoid an emphasis on minute details of LOGO as a programming language. We try to motivate and situate the various language constructs but, in some cases, this is not possible until you apply LOGO to the problems presented later and problems of your own.

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Chapter 1:
Your First Encounters with LOGO

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Every computer language has a set of primitive (built-in) objects. These can be classified into two sets: the set of procedures, or things that the language knows how to do, and the set of data types, or the types of things the language knows how to do things to. These two sets are tightly interrelated, since it is difficult to describe an action in a way that is completely independent from what is being acted on. This chapter presents some of the primitive LOGO objects and the actions that operate on them.

1.1 Words and Lists

Early programming languages emphasized the numerical capabilities of computers by providing numbers (integer and floating-point) as the primary fuel for the computational engine. The need to operate on groups of numbers repetitively and efficiently led to the addition of arrays (sets of numbers stored contiguously that could be accessed by providing an offset into their storage). More recently languages have also acknowledged the ability of the computer to process more than just numbers by introducing characters (letters represented by number codes) and strings (arrays of characters). In LOGO the emphasis is upon symbolic computation, operating on words and lists of words.

Words

LOGO (whose name is derived from the Greek word logos, which means “word”) takes a different approach. The basic data building blocks in LOGO are words. Here are some examples of words:

word
this
1234
abc 123
2.0
2e3

These words can be used for different things: They can be commands to tell LOGO to do something, they can be names for information we want to remember, or they can be the actual data (numbers, strings of letters) that we want to work with.

In order to treat a word as actual data, in general we precede it with a double quote character,“"”. The word is then composed of all characters until some “white space” (space, tab, end-of-line, etc) is found.

Let’s see what the computer “thinks” about this:

Welcome to Logo
? "word
You don’t say what to do with "word.

This raises the next question: Now that we know about this simple data type, what can we (have the computer) do with it? This leads us to our first LOGO operation, the Print command:

? Print "word
word

Lists and Sentences

The next primitive data type is the list. A list is simply a sequence of elements that are words, or other lists. We write ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Interactive Problem Solving
• Part 1: Fundamentals of LOGO
• Part 2: Mathematics
• Part 3: Computer Science
• Part 4: Artificial Intelligence
• Part 5: Linguistics
• Part 6: Games
• Part 7: New Developments in Computers and Education
• Appendices
• Index
• Index of Procedures
• References