The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South

Susan Parnell, Sophie Oldfield

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2014
• ISBN:
  9781136678271
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Urban Planning & Landscaping

The renaissance in urban theory draws directly from a fresh focus on the neglected realities of cities beyond the west and embraces the global south as the epicentre of urbanism. This Handbook engages the complex ways in which cities of the global south and the global north are rapidly shifting, the imperative for multiple genealogies of knowledge production, as well as a diversity of empirical entry points to understand contemporary urban dynamics.

The Handbook works towards a geographical realignment in urban studies, bringing into conversation a wide array of cities across the global south – the 'ordinary', 'mega', 'global' and 'peripheral'. With interdisciplinary contributions from a range of leading international experts, it profiles an emergent and geographically diverse body of work. The contributions draw on conflicting and divergent debates to open up discussion on the meaning of the city in, or of, the global south; arguments that are fluid and increasingly contested geographically and conceptually. It reflects on critical urbanism, the macro- and micro-scale forces that shape cities, including ideological, demographic and technological shifts, and constantly changing global and regional economic dynamics. Working with southern reference points, the chapters present themes in urban politics, identity and environment in ways that (re)frame our thinking about cities. The Handbook engages the twenty-first-century city through a 'southern urban' lens to stimulate scholarly, professional and activist engagements with the city.

 

 

1
‘FROM THE SOUTH’

 

Sophie Oldfield and Susan Parnell

 

 

Writing from the southern tip of Africa in the crisp winter temperatures of June, this is an exciting moment for us personally and professionally. This is a big book on what are path-determining issues for the twenty-first century. Cities, especially southern cities, are our future. We want to make clear, however, that this book does not establish a body of scholarship on the global urban south through a critique of the norms and the limits, the problems and the lacunae of northern scholarship and its universal presumptions and applications. It is instead a celebration of scholars and scholarship committed to making urban futures better, more interesting, legible, sustainable, and more just. It also works towards a geographical realignment in urban studies, bringing into conversation a wide array of cities across the global south – the ‘ordinary’, ‘mega’, ‘global’ and ‘peripheral’ – as well as diversely situated authors and perspectives. As the nuanced texts and the many glorious images in the book reveal, assuming a southern perspective, or point of departure, inevitably alters one’s gaze on cities: this is an invigorating, not debilitating, shift in orientation for urban studies.

The 700 or so pages that follow demonstrate unequivocally that efforts to create southern urbanism de novo are misplaced: this scholarship, although not exhaustive or complete, already exists. Moreover, the work on cities from the south, in the third world, beyond the west – however one labels and packages that suite of cities we all recognize by their informality, their diversity, their pace, their youth, their poverty, their human energy – is rich. Contributors to the geographical realignment of urban studies, moreover, include scholars from the social, scientific and technical fields, multinational consultancies and agencies and the big NGOs. Working from across this multi-sourced and interdisciplinary material, we seek to provoke thinking on what southern dominated urbanism in the first truly global urban century implies for ideas and practice. We have configured The Handbook to open rather than foreclose intellectual debate, showcasing a multiplicity of styles and methods, political views and research questions. This does not mean we have no specific agenda for the volume. What infuses this collection is the explicit commitment to engaging the twenty-first century through a ‘southern urban’ lens, doing so in a manner that stimulates scholarly, professional and activist engagements with the city.

The new international distribution of cities has shifted profoundly, with the global south the new epicentre of urbanism. To account for the significant reorientation that the real demography of the present and future demands, the task for this Handbook is to outline a different way of doing urban studies. Questions of how to achieve a ‘worlding’ of cities, investigate the ‘ordinary’ city, or foster a ‘southern’ theorizing of urbanism permeate every chapter of the book.

The chapters in The Handbook also reflect the groundswell of (southern) writing on the (southern) city, much of which has not yet been fully acknowledged in the old urban studies core. With the massive demographic and economic changes of the last three decades, the parochialism of the research heartland is a problem. It means that cities that are highly profiled in the canon of urban studies no longer reflect the hubs of urbanization or the most critical contemporary global urban problems. For urban theory, the consequence of the distortion is the prioritization of ideas that speak predominantly to cities forged by the industrial revolution, the realities of the Anglophone parts of the world, and an associated tendency to overlook the rapidly growing cities where traditional authority, religious identity or informality are as central to legitimate urban narratives as the vacillations in modern urban capitalist public policy. This lacuna in understanding urban practices is also a product of a distorted global distribution of research-active scholars and scholarship, the politics of knowledge that shapes urban studies. Where academics work is a dynamic that is difficult for an ascendant southern urbanism to counter; as editors our aim has been to establish an internationally credible cohort of authors commensurate with The Handbook’s objective of providing a prestige reference work, while giving greater profile to lesser-known cities and researchers located outside of the intellectual heartlands.

The tone of The Handbook is unashamedly academic, but because of the subject matter, where a significant proportion of the knowledge on urban places lies beyond the academy, there was an imperative to respect styles and sources of knowledge production regardless of whether it was found in a United Nations document, a scholarly journal or an activist blog. It is not just the complexity of cities but also the diversity of theorists and researchers that the book showcases and problematizes. For instance, we, like many others published here, have both worked and lived in north and south. We also live in a context where simple notions of north/south, rich/poor, black/white are grossly insufficient to understand power and identity in the city. Urban studies has a tradition of invoking the intellectual writings of divergent disciplinary traditions, something our training as geographers embraces, a discipline that stands at the crossroads of ecology, biology, anthropology, development studies, planning and history, and which we have endeavoured to pursue in seeking contributors from diverse backgrounds to The Handbook.

We hope that the multi-register tone of the book also reflects our far from pure academic commitments. Like an increasingly large percentage of scholars, we are embedded in multiple relationships and conversations across donors, state, province, city, activists, and non-governmental and community organizations. In consequence, in selecting the topics covered too, we were careful to ensure that the concerns that dominate southern policy makers, scholars and residents were appropriately profiled. In framing our search for chapters, we were especially anxious to speak to a new generation of urbanists, who may not necessarily live in cities of the south, but will be much more conscious of and engaged with cities in the south than past generations of either academics or professionals. The Handbook is intended to provide this cohort with a robust and authoritative overview of the state of this rapidly developing sub-field of urban studies, known somewhat clumsily as southern urbanism or cities of the south.

To frame why such a large and diverse volume is necessary, the opening section of the book speaks directly to the debate on the utility of an alternative southern theoretical positioning and the value of establishing a distinctive set of southern urban problems. Here we seek to open up discussion, rather than take a position on the precise meaning of the city in or of the global south. Indeed, we would also caution against splitting off or prioritizing the theoretical from the conceptual, empirical and methodological concerns that infuse every other section and chapter. Many of the papers deal overtly with particular southern urban issues, but there is never a suggestion of a unique city form or even exclusively southern problems. Rather, working from southern urban realities highlights known urban divisions such as food security, fragmented urbanism or inequality, while underscoring the relative lack of state resources and high levels of household poverty as overarching determinants of the urban condition. Even loosely applied, this southern (re)framing challenges the intellectual status quo and makes way for new modes to illuminate the drivers of urban change.

We have aimed to build The Handbook from empirical evidence and intellectual formulations drawn from the physical, social and economic realities of relatively under-documented cities. The majority of the urban places we invoke are located in territories that the Bruntland line delineated as ‘the global south’. The spatial scope of the collection is however not literal. Throughout the volume we have used lower case text for the ‘global south’, connoting that this is not a physical nomenclature. Across (and sometimes even within) the chapters, authors invoke widely varied ‘definitions’ of southern urbanism, revealing that for urban scholars in general the notion of the global south is fluid and increasingly contested, both geographically and conceptually.

Reticence over being specific about what places are in or out of the southern delineation should not detract from the widespread concern to (re)view the global urban condition with a southern sensibility. There is little consensus on how exactly to move a (southern) urban agenda forward, representing in our view a healthy diversity of views within the field. In contrast to eschewing regional or global categorizations of a city, a cohort of writers, marked by strong exposure to African, South Asian and Latin American cities, press the view that extreme levels of urban poverty and under-servicing create imperatives for distinctive practical and political action that can only be achieved when there is greater understanding of the dynamics of fiscal impediments, urban need, management failure, complexity and struggle in actual cities, those conventionally thought of as ‘in the global south’. For other authors in The Handbook, such distinct southern positioning is less useful; instead they work from a relational, rather than binary, notion of south–north relations, revealing in many instances the ‘reverse’ flow of ideas and practices from southern to northern cities, and highlighting too the ways in which urban experiences (including poverty and informality) are also global and universal.

While the big ideas of urban studies infuse the work of scholars across the world, a major challenge for urbanists in and of the south has been to generate publications that have local traction and practical application. Ideas used to shape research have to be seen to be legitimate at the city and national scales and this means a locally legible account that gives due weight to drivers of urban change, regardless of their form or point of origin. In our global system of cities, it is essential to theorize urban change in ways that make transparent how specific local problems resonate with universal challenges of, for instance, natural resource threats, the uneven distribution of wealth, new technologies, sustainable infrastructure management, and the erosion of the quality of life.

No city is static, and cities everywhere are subject to major forces of social, economic and environmental change, a set of debates that provide necessary reminders of the absolute limits of resource constraints for all urban life. Mindful of our common urban future, a number of the chapters within The Handbook deploy theory and practice from the southern city to conditions in northern cities, highlighting that resource limits, poverty, informality and growth are not the preserve of the south. In seeking contributions for The Handbook, our premise was that there are important issues around wealth and consumption evident everywhere and much extant urban theory has a global application.

To reflect the widely varying and diverse research and conceptual entry points, as well as a device for organizing and making the debates more accessible, we have placed the close to fifty chapters into sub-sections. Some chapters could readily be located in one or more section, and the intention is not to compartmentalize. To aid readers each section includes a brief introduction to the critical issues that illuminate rather than summarize the chapters within each theme.

We are mindful that The Handbook has shortcomings and gaps. For example, there is not enough on crime, biodiversity or housing. We have not addressed the issue of how cities should be taken up in the global Sustainable Development Goals that are currently under formulation through United Nations processes. China is underrepresented, much of Eurasia is ignored; issues of research methods and ethics are almost entirely absent, and so on. The themes we profile are in no way presented as a comprehensive assessment or manifesto of a southern repositioning of urban studies. Moreover, we have no pretentions that we provide a sufficient range of case material to satisfy the need for a more comprehensive coverage of cities that simultaneously informs local action and the way global thinkers frame their generalizations. What we hope the collection does do is profile provocative material from alternative points on the map, minimizing the disconnect between solutions born of the richest urban centres and their application in some of the poorest. We also hope it inspires a confidence in normalizing the use of southern cities as common reference points for comparative debate and collective abstraction.

Lastly, the cover image invokes the notions of travel and departures, metaphors consistent with the premise of the volume that the start, if not the end point, for innovation in urban research and praxis, of necessity, has to hold the city of the global south as a critical, if not exclusive, reference point. The ideas and practices of twenty-first-century cities are widely contested, varied in scope and scale and there are multiple theoretical entry points. This is not a relativist argument – this is not everything goes, a ‘both/and’ type of approach. Rather we acknowledge that what emerges out of a conversation about southern urbanism is a product of contestation, debate, the ability to invoke evidence, the acknowledgement of theory generated in multiple places, and an ability to acknowledge and access corridors of power inside and outside the academy.

In this growing and diversifying community of scholars and practitioners, the tightly knit leadership that marked out the dominance of Anglo-American writing on the city is fraying. This is both healthy, in that there is no orthodoxy, but tricky in that the scholarship is fragmented and difficult to access.

Selected precisely because they are representative of the ‘new normal’ of the urban world, this body of work on ‘southern urbanism’ helps us move forward. It reminds us that the majority of research on southern urbanism is not focused on the issue of whether the city of the south is a useful or correct theoretical framing. Rather, most authors are associated with a tradition of empirical work and engaged political practice that invokes theory to interpret global forces and their local specificity. There is no single expression of this bottom-up conceptualization that stands in contrast to big theory formulation analytically; it nonetheless provides and provokes bodies of work that critically and theoretically inform interventions that come out of the south.

Overall, The Handbook embraces the imperative for multiple genealogies of knowledge production and a diversity of empirical entry points essential for excavating the complex ways in which cities of the global south and global north are rapidly shifting. It demonstrates that it is possible to map and understand these processes but this requires extensive and sustained research, and on the ground exposure. Moreover, multiple investigations and diverse entry points are essential to understand what levers of change might be, who actors are, and the diverse power configurations that are at play. The book is thus not prescriptive, there is no squaring of one theory and body of knowledge in relation to another; rather we aim for recognition and conversation between and across them, drawing on these diverse readings to highlight the complex interplay of structure and agency, the global and the local, the theoretical and the empirical that give substance to our understanding of how cities run as well as the ephemeral qualities of citizens, spaces and urban knowledge.

PART I

Critical urbanism

2
CRITICAL URBANISM

Sophie Oldfield

What inspires a conversation about critical urbanism? For some, it is a project of overt engagement and celebration of the breadth and complexities of cities of the global south, the myriad realities that shape cities and makes the task of ‘thinking cities’ innovative and exciting today. For others, it is a challenge to develop urban knowledge and theory that can travel and engage complexity, across borders and boundaries, producing new and better ways of knowing. Certainly, critical approaches to southern urbanism pose a challenge to do things differently, to ‘dis-assemble’ and ‘re-assemble’ our notions and practice.

From ‘worlding’ to ‘de-territorialized’ global thinking, from scepticism to a claim for southern urban knowledge, at stake in this debate lies contention over the significance of place – the south, the post-colony, the periphery, its relationship to theory, and the ways in which both shape the epistemological knowledge at the heart of an invigorated project for urban studies. Indeed, what marks this collection of interventions are the divergent views within a cohort of scholars who, nonetheless, collectively assert the imperative of reframing of urban studies (in general) from a southern vantage point.

Ananya Roy, for instance, draws on contemporary notions of the global south as temporal rather than geographical, emerging in specific historical conjunctures – the ‘now’ of the ‘Asian urban century’ in this case. A project of ‘worlding’ urban theory, she takes seriously circulations, ‘shadow lines’, to create new geographies of theory of and from the global south. Unsurprisingly, given the dynamic pace of this critical debate, arguments for and against southern urbanism are t...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of figures
• List of tables
• List of contributors
• Acknowledgements
• 1 ‘From the South’
• Part I Critical urbanism
• Part II The urban: past, present, future
• Part III Global economic turbulence: (re)configuring the urban
• Part IV Politics, transformation and the southern city
• Part V Negotiating society and identity in urban spaces of the south
• Part VI Conceptualizing the built environment: accounting for southern urban complexities
• Part VII Big stories of urban change
• Index