1 Towards a theory of âCinema of Accountabilityâ
Critical perspectives on activist film practices
Introduction
Cinema Studies perspectives relevant to the understanding of the emergence of Pakistani documentary film practices as activist interventions are discussed in this chapter. In the absence of a theoretical framework or pre-existing study from which specifically contemporary Pakistani documentary films, activist or otherwise, can be evaluated, it examines key perspectives on documentary filmmaking from outside Pakistan that serve as building blocks for a theory relevant to documentary productions discussed in this book. Hence, broader existing critical perspectives from film scholars and theorists on documentary film serve as an informing framework for these Pakistani productions, and the foundational activist context for their analyses. Subsequently, these frameworks facilitate in defining an emergent activist film category of a âCinema of Accountabilityâ from within a Muslim state in which the achievement of activist film faces daunting challenges. Additionally, a discussion on the concept of âSpatial Boundariesâ as allocation of gender power in Islamic societies helps to evaluate the role of Pakistani women filmmakers operating in the public domain, particularly in conservative regions dominated by orthodox norms and patriarchal mindsets, such as the tribal areas in the Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province (KP) where womenâs public presence is discouraged. The last section in this chapter, entitled âPakistani Cinema under Islamizationâ offers a brief context for the developments that were impacting Pakistani cinema in an environment of religious fundamentalism, state censorship, and restrictive policies during General Zia-ul-Haqâs dictatorship.
As discussions on films will later illustrate, drawing parallels, and translating the following perspectives in contemporary political terms will explore their applicability to activist documentary filmmaking practices in contemporary Pakistan.1
There are four overarching themes by which a theoretical framework for this book is structured. Film-studies themes and perspectives, including feminist documentary frameworks, which can be borrowed from to expound the topic of this book include: 1) Perspectives on the Contextual and Historical Approach to Documentary Filmmaking; 2) Perspectives on the Activist and Political Intent of Documentary Film; 3) Feminist Perspectives on Documentary Film and Activism; 4) Parallels with Other Activist Film Currents (i.e. perspectives on Third Cinema, Cinema Novo, and a post-Third-Worldist approach).
1. Perspectives on the contextual and historical approach to documentary filmmaking
Documentary film perspectives discussed in this section will aid in reading the historical contexts and background to the productions discussed in this study.
The beginnings of contemporary Pakistani activist documentary filmmaking practices, as analysed in this study, are inspired by and rooted in the critical historical period of President General Zia-ul-Haqâs eleven-year dictatorship (1977â 1988), and the socio-political and judicial transformations that began to take shape during his Islamization drive. Consequently, it is crucial to begin by contextualizing films in this historical period in order to understand the productions it motivated, and the continuing influence of the transformations during this phase on Pakistani society and the emergence of activist filmmaking in the country.
A consideration of contextual and historical perspectives is important in evaluating the activist involvement, intent, and success of Pakistani documentarists in relation to the issue-oriented films discussed here. These issues include: the effects of politicization of religion; religious fundamentalism; discriminatory judicial reforms that particularly affect women and religious minorities; human rights violations; gender rights; gender-specific tribal customs and practices; and issues of violence against women.
Perspectives on the contextual and historical approaches to documentary filmmaking facilitate in addressing the position of Pakistani documentary filmmakers in their particular historical and political contexts. Secondly, these perspectives assist in situating and understanding the chosen films as socio-cultural and socio-political productions, and the ideological currents that are the basis and key determinants for their creation.
Arab film historian and scholar Viola Shafik points out that it is vital to make connections between the prevailing socio-political conditions and the historical period and events that motivated such filmic works for an in-depth analysis.2 From this perspective, it is important to take into account the position of Pakistani documentary filmmakers as themselves part of the culture, religion, and history they seek to depict and critique in their films, and to contextualize the issues they raise accordingly in their productions. As Pakistani documentarists have represented a history, memory, and environment of which they themselves have been participants, their subjects, topics, and environs, and the historical time frames of their films, need to be considered in totality to facilitate a contextual-reading of their productions for content analyses. This approach will illustrate the connection between the historical timeframe and the consequential and connective links of their activist intent that saw the emergence of an activist documentary âCinema of Accountabilityâ in the country.
Likewise, film scholar Chuck Kleinhans stresses the significance of a film/ video workâs context â the historical moment in which a work was produced, distributed, and exhibited, and the audience it reaches. Similarly, he emphasizes contextualizing the filmmakerâs own position regarding his/her productions: that is, the relationship of the filmmaker to political, personal, historical, social, and institutional conditions.3 As Kleinhans argues, documentary filmmakers must be deeply engaged in the political and social issues they represent in their work:
Makers have to think like political organizers â with both intensity and distance, attention to the immediate and the long range, to the tactical and the strategic, and to the individual and the group â in other words to the complexity and richness of the immediate historical moment and its potentials and possibilities.4
Similarly, in her post-colonial critique, Vietnamese-American film scholar and film-maker Trinh T. Minh-ha calls for a re-evaluation of representations of history with an emphasis on âlived historyâ that would defy stereotypes and counter dominant discourses and representations.5 Her focus is on the necessity to deconstruct and re-examine history through the eyes and narratives of those who have been the victims of violent histories, as opposed to the frequent distortions of dominant and âauthoritativeâ media.6 Trinhâs perspective on claiming the right to revisit oneâs own history as insiders can be applied to Pakistani documentarists who have returned to their past to counter official discourses and seek answers for the present and the future, particularly regarding issues of religious fundamentalism and human rights.
In his essay entitled For an Imperfect Cinema, Cuban film theorist and film-maker Julio Garcia Espinosa stresses the need to revolutionize the very concepts of art and cinema, and to understand them as progressive forces towards social change. Espinosa advocates a democratization of art and urges artistic accessibility, arguing for what he calls an âimperfect cinemaâ that would break class and artistic hierarchies and speak to all as a solution.7 This âimperfect cinemaâ, he contends, would render art as an activity available to all in the service of social, political, and cultural responsibilities, instead of art as an elitist practice in the hands of a few who can dictate its terms, directions, and significance. Espinosa stresses the importance for science and art to merge, and the participation of sociologists, scientists, and others from various disciplines to participate in artistic activities in order to break down the class and disciplinary barriers that hinder artistic progress that could translate into a better and more just society. He is critical of art as an elitist activity, and suggests that art should be everyoneâs domain against traditional views that separate artistic/cultural producers and consumers.
According to Espinosa, such a collective revolution can be facilitated by an âimperfect cinemaâ that would be created by the âmassesâ regardless of technological finesse. This âimperfect cinemaâ, which he likens to the process of impartial media reporting and coverage, would expose relations of dominance and power instead of merely criticizing them, and enable a more popular engagement with art and politics:
We should endeavor to see that our future students, and therefore our future filmmakers, will themselves be scientists, sociologists, physicians, economists, agricultural engineers, etc., without of course ceasing to be filmmakers ⌠we cannot develop the taste of the masses as long as the division between the two cultures continues to exist, nor as long as the masses are not the real masters of the means of production ⌠A new poetics of cinema will, above all, be a âpartisanâ and âcommittedâ poetics, a âcommittedâ art, a consciously and resolutely âcommittedâ cinema â that is to say, an âimperfectâ cinema.8
The emergence of Pakistani âactivist documentaryâ (as defined in this research) does not have its roots in filmmaking per se, but is rather embedded in ongoing resistance movements supported by a host of cross-disciplinary actors. This activist documentary then merges science and art (creativity) to break down disciplinary barriers that can hinder âcommittedâ art, as stressed by Espinosa in his call for an âimperfect cinemaâ. It would be important to assess the extent to which Pakistani documentarists have achieved their effort of creating a socio-political version of an âimperfect cinemaâ; that is, one that not only deviates from the countryâs mainstream commercial cinema industry, and the state-owned media that are regulated by government policies, but one that can also be seen as carving out its own niche as an activist documentary âCinema of Accountabilityâ that questions and challenges state policies, laws, and official versions of history, and engages with crucial social and political developments.9
It can be argued that just as alliances and struggles in Pakistan gave birth to new channels of activism such as womenâs organizations, legal aid cells, human and gender rights watch groups, and theatre-for-social-change groups, all with a shared agenda for resistance and consciousness-raising, they also led to the emergence of an âactivist documentaryâ filmmaking practice in the country. In the absence of professional filmmaking training and academies at the time, this development was facilitated by the arrival of cost-effective and accessible video technology in the 1980s. Since then, these practices have been supported by old and new collaborations and participations that have included a wide cross-section of professionals and civil actors: womenâs rights activists; human rights and legal fraternities; educationists; sociologists; psychologists; journalists; writers; academics; poets; performing artists such as singers and theatre artists; local and international non-government organizations; and later, even government organizations. Additionally, ordinary people and individuals have been involved in the exercise by offering first-hand testimonies and accounts of their specific experiences and struggles. In this context Espinosaâs concept of an âimperfect cinemaâ is most relevant to activist collaborations between Pakistani documentary filmmakers, and their subjects and participants that range from a vast cross-section of society and disciplines.
It is important to examine the contribution of Pakistani documentarists who have opposed religious fundamentalism and authoritarian suppression as participants of their specific culture, history, religion, and politics. In particular, Pakistani women filmmakers and their female subjects (both of whom have broken the socio-cultural and religious spatial barriers that could set limits on their very appearances in public spaces in a Muslim society, particularly in the ultra-conservative tribal regions of the country) have bravely seized the opportunity to document and present their personal experiences and testimonies. Towards this end, both Trinh and Espinosaâs perspectives assist in evaluating Pakistani documentaristsâ role as agents of social change and political resistance who have challenged dominant official, patriarchal, and fundamentalist forces in Pakistan through their respective productions.
Correspondingly, film scholar Bill Nichols calls attention to the situation of the filmmaker in the making of the film, and his/her own position regarding their depictions. He points to what can be termed as âauto-ethnographyâ, that is, âwhen the filmmaker and subject are of the same stock.â10 In the case of Pakistanis who have been part of the history, culture, and transformations that they depict in their films, Nicholsâ view helps to reflect on the significance of Pakistani filmmakersâ familiarity and identification with their own religious, socio-cultural, historical, and socio-political issues and constraints, including the nuances of sensitive religion and gender-specific issues in an Islamic society.
Hence, relevant to their activist intent, Pakistani filmmakersâ own situation also needs to be considered as this factor can affect their representations. For example, the socio-political and censorship constraints under which Pakistani documentarists may have to operate can be decisive and influential factors in their productions. In Pakistanâs case, this examination provides an insight into the limitations, constraints, and challenges docume...