Structural Complicity and Future Freedoms in Senegalese and South African Narratives
Cullen Goldblatt
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256 pages
English
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Beyond Collective Memory
Structural Complicity and Future Freedoms in Senegalese and South African Narratives
Cullen Goldblatt
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About This Book
Beyond Collective Memory analyzes how two African places became icons of collective memory for certain publics, yet remain marginal to national and continental memory discourses. Thiaroye, a Senegalese location of colonial-era massacre, and District Six, a South African neighborhood destroyed under apartheid, have epitomized a shared "memory" of racist violence and resistant community. Analyzing diverse cultural texts surrounding both places, this book argues that the metaphor of collective memory has obscured the structural character of colonial and apartheid violence, and made it difficult to explore the complicit positions that structures of violence produce. In investigating the elisions of memory discourses, Beyond Collective Memory challenges the dominance of collective memory, and calls attention to the African pasts, metaphors, and imaginaries that exist beyond it.
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The two islands offer paradigmatic examples of the idiom of memory at work. In that idiom, contemporary audiences are interpellated as remembering subjects and invited to share in a collective memory. A specific kind of narrative, testimony, is crucial: the first-person account of the survivor/witness transforms contemporary listeners, who now too ârememberâ past atrocity. A moral imperative to ârememberâ generally derives from an, often implicit, analogy between Nazi atrocity and other racist historical atrocity: we must ânever forgetâ the one, just as we must ânever forgetâ the other. We identify with the historical victims, we come to ârecallâ what we have not ourselves experienced, and our (collective) âremembranceâ functions to place past violence at a remove from the present, which is thereby rendered a time of peace and unity.
The UNESCO-supported and state-legislated association between the (intangible) past and (tangible) places invites us to take literally the idea that the inanimate material world can remember and testify. After all, heritage must be tangible, or audible, if it is to be recognized. As Jean-Louis Luxen notes, regarding intangible cultural heritage, it â[. . .] must be made incarnate in tangible manifestations, in visible signs, if it is to be conserved.â8 When sites are designated as âworld heritageâ because they testify toânecessarily intangibleâpast violence, visitors must listen, share in the âmemoryâ they make material and speak, and thereby ensure that the world never âforgets.â
The UNESCO âBrief Synthesisâ text for Robben Island relies upon the metaphor of a witnessing landscape. Buildings appear as the tangible manifestation of past oppression and present democracy, and as witnesses to freedomâs victory:
Robben Island was used at various times between the 17th and 20th centuries as a prison, a hospital for socially unacceptable groups and a military base. Its buildings, particularly those of the late 20th century such as the maximum security prison for political prisoners, witness the triumph of democracy and freedom over oppression and racism.
What survives from its episodic history are 17th century quarries, the tomb of Hadije Kramat who died in 1755, 19th century âvillageâ administrative buildings including a chapel and parsonage, a small lighthouse, the lepersâ church, the only remains of a leper colony, derelict World War II military structures around the harbour and the stark and functional maximum security prison of the Apartheid period began in the 1960s.
The symbolic value of Robben Island lies in its somber history, as a prison and a hospital for unfortunates who were sequestered as being socially undesirable. This came to an end in the 1990s when the inhuman Apartheid regime was rejected by the South African people and the political prisoners who had been incarcerated on the Island received their freedom after many years.9
The first paragraph enacts the shifts from the material to the immaterialâbuilt landscape to âmemoryââand from particular to universal that UNESCO Criteria Three and Six demand. Buildings âwitnessâ a version of the national past that all visitors will assimilate into their own memories, thus participating in the production of a âworldâ heritage.
The former prison constitutes the primary location through which we are to recall a single past and acknowledge a single present. It is âparticularlyâ the apartheid-era prison that âwitnesses,â and it is the apartheid regime and South Africaâs subsequent liberation that constitute the primary concerns of this narrative. Each paragraph, while referencing the past that preceded apartheid, concludes with a mention of apartheid or the freedom that has followed: earlier periods of white supremacy figure only as preludes. The relevant past is that of apartheid; the significant building is the prison that still âwitnessesâ apartheid oppression.
In this âmemory,â political imprisonment on the Island and the Islandâs most famous prisoner come to stand in for apartheid oppression and anti-apartheid resistance, respectively. Nelson Mandela together with his imprisoned comrades appear as the microcosm of the resistant nation, a notion bolstered by the statement that âThe South African peopleâ rejected apartheid.10 By the time we reach that concluding sentence, it is clear we are to assimilate a circumscribed âmemoryâ of apartheid oppression and freedomâs triumph: the suffering, and eventual moral and political victory, of black male anti-apartheid activists who, once imprisoned, areâlike the nation they embodyânow free.
The power of state- and UNESCO-supported âmemoryâ is such that even when there are living survivors to remember and testify, as is the case on Robben Island, they speak in the same way that the landscape ostensibly does. Although guides in the former prison/contemporary museum are all former political prisoners on the Island, tour narratives do not recall specificities of the guidesâ own experiences, let alone challenge or complicate the twinned discourses of national reconciliation and universal, âhuman,â triumph. The typically brief autobiographical component of a tour narrative contains basic information such as the liberation movement with which the guide had fought, his charges, sentence, and dates of imprisonment on the island.11 Visitors are moved swiftly through the section of the prison building that held âpoliticalsâ; Mandelaâs former cell is the clear highlight.
The pace and curation of the Robben Island Museum tourâgenerally the only way to visit the Islandâmean no opportunities to interact with people other than guides and fellow tourists, little time for reflection, and no unforeseen places or texts to happen upon: in short, few encounters through which visitors might glimpse the complexity of the past and critique the politics of contemporary commemoration. The contours of my 2017 visit suggest these limitations. Upon arrival, my fellow ferry passengers and myself were swiftly shepherded along the pier and onto a bus, which then passed the house where Robert Sobukwe, founder of the Pan Africanist Congress, was held in solitary confinement, continued through the small settlement, and stopped at a rocky point facing the city, where we could disembark and photograph Cape Town. Retracing our route, the bus deposited us at the former prison, located beside the pier, where our bus tour guide, a young man with a degree in Heritage Studies, handed us over to a second guide, a former political prisoner, who led us through the former prison. At Mandelaâs former cell, there was a pause for more photographs. Our guide named the charges he himself was held under and the length of his imprisonment. He also explained that the apartheid racial hierarchy informed the treatment of prisoners: âAfricanâ and âColouredâ prisoners received different diets. We were in and out of the prison-museum swiftly, and directed back along the pier to board the ferry.12
Given the pace and apparent thematic parameters of the prison-museum tour, it is unlikely that guides have the capacity to elaborate upon their experience, or introduce their own analyses. If guides appear sympathetic to the Pan Afr...
Table of contents
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I Sites of Memory
Part II Places of Complicity
Part III Imaginaries of Future Freedom
Coda
Bibliography
Index
Citation styles for Beyond Collective Memory
APA 6 Citation
Goldblatt, C. (2020). Beyond Collective Memory (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis. Retrieved from https://www.perlego.com/book/1705132/beyond-collective-memory-structural-complicity-and-future-freedoms-in-senegalese-and-south-african-narratives-pdf (Original work published 2020)
Chicago Citation
Goldblatt, Cullen. (2020) 2020. Beyond Collective Memory. 1st ed. Taylor and Francis. https://www.perlego.com/book/1705132/beyond-collective-memory-structural-complicity-and-future-freedoms-in-senegalese-and-south-african-narratives-pdf.
Harvard Citation
Goldblatt, C. (2020) Beyond Collective Memory. 1st edn. Taylor and Francis. Available at: https://www.perlego.com/book/1705132/beyond-collective-memory-structural-complicity-and-future-freedoms-in-senegalese-and-south-african-narratives-pdf (Accessed: 14 October 2022).
MLA 7 Citation
Goldblatt, Cullen. Beyond Collective Memory. 1st ed. Taylor and Francis, 2020. Web. 14 Oct. 2022.