Advances and Avenues in the Development of Novel Carriers for Bioactives and Biological Agents

Manju Rawat Singh, Deependra Singh, Jagat Kanwar, Nagendra Singh Chauhan

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9780128199183
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Pharmacology

Advances and Avenues in the Development of Novel Carriers for Bioactives and Biological Agents provides sound data on the utility of biological and plant-based drugs and describes challenges faced in all aspects offering indispensable strategies to use in the development of bioactive medicines. Bioactive based medications are commonly used throughout the world and have been recognized by physicians and patients for their therapeutic efficacy. Bioactive formulations, including their subordinates and analogs, address 50% of all medicines in clinical practice. Novel bioactive medicine transporters can cure many disorders by both spatial and transitory approaches and have various justifications in medicinal potential.

This book presents information on the utility of natural, plant, animal and bioengineered bioactive materials. It is a fundamental source of information and data for pharmacognosists, pharmaceutical analysts, drug transport scientists and pharmacologists working in bioactive medications.

• Advances information on various bioactive based medications, their sources, clinical consequences and transport strategies
• Illustrates diverse transport systems for bioactives and derivatives, novel techniques for formulations, targeting strategies and fundamental qualities of developed bioactive carriers, and their safety concerns and standardization
• Discusses distinctive transport systems, stability, upgraded dissolvability, and enhanced bioavailability of bioactives

Chapter 1

Challenges and need of delivery carriers for bioactives and biological agents: an introduction

Krishna Yadav¹, Nagendra Singh Chauhan², Swarnlata Saraf¹, Deependra Singh¹ and Manju Rawat Singh¹, ¹University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India, ²Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra, Raipur, India

Abstract

Bioactives and/or biological agents are vital substances (i.e., vitamins and phytoactives) that occur in nature or fabricated intentionally (i.e., vaccines and recombinant protein) and are fortified for providing immense health benefits. These bioactives provide distinctive useful impacts on human health including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and many other biological activities. They offer exclusive immunity to explicit antigen, and direct the expression of a variety of genes. Bioactives are the endowment of the mother nature to benefit humankind yet endure to reach at its greatest viability because of unforeseen delivery issues. Nanotechnology is progressively utilized in pharmaceutical and medical science for overcoming the delivery challenge of various class of therapeutics. It features functionality to therapeutic actives to resolve the limitation of their delivery. Therefore nanostructured delivery systems are the panacea to fight the various delivery challenges of bioactives and biological agents that upgrade several attributes of bioactive conveyance as shielding them against debasement at various physiological conditions, improving dissolvability such and stability, and subsequently help to achieve maximum bioavailability. This chapter addresses the key challenges and opportunities for developing delivery carriers of bioactives and biological agents to overpower the restriction and providing the greatest health advantages.

Keywords

Carriers; bioactives; phytomedicine; delivery system; challenges; nanotechnology

1.1 Introduction

Advancement in therapeutic and medicinal interventions in recent times has provided immense health benefits in the field of diagnosis and treatment in addition to prevention of many rare and serious diseases due to the accessibility of various drugs and medicines. Despite the fact that they give enormous medical advantages can cause unfavorable impacts due to their synthetic chemical constituents as drugs. They are not only dangerous for humankind in their native form but also have an austere effect on environment due to their nonbiodegradability plus unpredicted adversatives. This has constrained researchers to search for alternative medicinal approaches and bioprocess. There has been a swiftly emerging interest for bioactive compounds (Chikezie et al., 2015; Kohlmeier, 2015). In a trivial span, these compounds have gained potential applications in a wide exhibit of fields including medication, agribusiness, sustenance, beauty care products, and so forth. Bioactives are vital and nonessential substances (i.e., vitamins and phytoactives) that occur in nature or are made by the processing of plants or foods and are fortified for providing health benefits (Rodrigues et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2018). As of now, there is an enormous and developing measure of scientific proof showing the utility of different bioactives in various health and illness circumstances. These bioactives apply distinctive useful impacts, among them: antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and direct the expression of variety of genes. Therefore offer numerous health advantages, including antiaging activity, anticipation of cardiovascular maladies, and protection against chronic disorders, for example, diabetes mellitus, malignant growth, and neurodegenerative disorders. These precise assets are due to their unique chemical structures, exceptional functional chemical groups, and structural elements, that is, cyclopeptide skeletons and macrolactones (Kalia, 2017). Bioactive compounds are distinct from other naturally occurring “inactive compounds” fundamentally due to their bioactivity. A compound (or a material) is called to be biologically active if it directly influences the functioning of a living organism. These impacts could be negative or positive contingent upon the nature of the compound, the dose, and the bioavailability (Bhushani et al., 2017; Jones et al., 2019). Indeed, these compounds have a wide scope of impacts: at one they might be associated with the vital regulation of health, and even have a mending impact, and on the other hand, it might be dangerous or even deadly. A couple of authors ponder that the expression of these activities alone is not sufficient for a compound to be defined as bioactive; it should also have a related beneficial impact on health (Guaadaoui et al., 2015).

In this milieu, bioactivity is an ability (at least) to influence health in a beneficial way, which eliminates from the definition any potential adverse impacts (e.g., toxicity, immunogenicity, mutagenicity) which are, indubitably, a reflection of “bioactivity” in its broadest sense (Sánchez et al., 2018). Therefore bioactive compound or bioactives are a faction of physiologically active substances that strive impacts upon the functioning of a living organism. The term bioactives encompass a wide array of compounds, substances, and molecules which can be differently classified as chemical types (small molecules, proteins/peptides, and oligonucleotides), therapeutically active agents (drugs, vaccines, and biopharmaceuticals), and nontherapeutic agents (toxins and poisons) (Singh et al., 2015a). There are varieties of bioactives available like recombinant proteins, hormones, antiinfective agents, antibodies, catalysts, growth factors, genes, and so on. The pharmaceutical utilization of bioactives is constrained with low solubility, instability in a biological environment such as pH, enzyme, less penetrability, and bioavailability. It has turned into the greatest obstacle for the viable utilization of bioactives against different health complications. These shortcomings could be unraveled by utilizing appropriate delivery systems using the nanocarriers which can ensnare the active moieties inside the polymeric center by which quelling the delivery-related demerits of bioactives to effectively showcase their bioactivity. In light of insight erudite, this chapter addresses the key challenges and opportunity for constructing carrier systems for delivery of bioactives in overcoming the limitation and providing maximum health benefits (Ackova et al., 2019; Bleiel et al., 2017; Kalia, 2017).

1.2 Bioactives and biological agents

Bioactives and biological agents are two different axioms with the indistinguishable definition. They both have certain biological activities in an advantageous way to mankind. The term “bioactives” is typically stated for the compound from plant origin with certain biological activity, that is, curcumin, quercetin, whereas the term “biological agents” is preferred to designate those of, from animal origins, that is, antibodies and vaccines. According to NCI dictionary of cancer term, biological agents are designated as a moiety that has the origin of a living body or their products and is utilized in the anticipation, identification, or treatment of cancer growth and other ailments (NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms—National Cancer Institute, n.d.). It includes interleukins, antibodies, and vaccines. They are also termed as a biological drug or biologic agent. Whereas bioactives (specifically denoting those from plant sources) are essential or unessential substances that have physiological activity (Kohlmeier, 2015; Vranic et al., 2015), recognized with its capacity to tweak at least one metabolic events, which results in the advancement of better health conditions (Altaf et al., 2019). Elaborating the essential compounds are those that vital for basic physiology in the human body and the insufficiency of which can prompt the progression of diseases, whereas unessential compounds are not vital for the functioning of the human body and lacking them does not influence health (Bernhoft, 2010; Bhushani et al., 2017; Kohlmeier, 2015). They are capable of exerting extra valuable impacts, for example, anticancer activity, restraint or induction of enzymes, modulation of receptor activity, and stimulation or inhibition of gene expression (Altaf et al., 2019; Arulanandraj et al., 2018; Bhat et al., 2015; Liwa et al., 2017). Among the most investigate...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1. Challenges and need of delivery carriers for bioactives and biological agents: an introduction
• Chapter 2. Natural product–based nanomedicine: polymeric nanoparticles as delivery cargoes of food bioactives and nutraceuticals for anticancer purposes
• Chapter 3. The promising expedition of the delivery systems for monoclonal antibodies
• Chapter 4. Innovative technological systems to optimize the delivery and therapeutic activity of antimicrobial drugs
• Chapter 5. Tailoring drug and gene codelivery nanosystems for glioblastoma treatment
• Chapter 6. Polyelectrolyte multilayers for drug delivery
• Chapter 7. Magnetic nanocarriers of bioactives: structural and delivery system designs
• Chapter 8. Iron bond bovine lactoferrin for the treatment of cancers and anemia associated with cancer cachexia
• Chapter 9. Metallic-based nanocarriers: methods employed in nanoparticle characterization and assessing the interaction with the blood–brain barrier
• Chapter 10. Inorganic-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy
• Chapter 11. Novel perspectives for delivery of bioactives through blood–brain barrier and treatment of brain diseases
• Chapter 12. Nanoparticle-based delivery of polyphenols for the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases
• Chapter 13. Efficacy of promising flavonoids from Festuca, Lonicera, and Acacia genera against glioblastoma multiforme; potential for the Dandenong Ranges
• Chapter 14. Targeting aspects for bioactive drugs
• Chapter 15. Amphiphilic block copolymer: a smart option for bioactives delivery
• Chapter 16. Rheumatoid arthritis: basic pathophysiology and role of chitosan nanoparticles in therapy
• Chapter 17. Targeted delivery through carbon nanomaterials: applications in bioactive delivery systems
• Chapter 18. Liposomes and phytosomes for phytoconstituents
• Chapter 19. Quality by design and formulation optimization using statistical tools for safe and efficient bioactive loading
• Chapter 20. Commercial aspects and market potential of novel delivery systems for bioactives and biological agents
• Index