The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed.

The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed.

The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NO x and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented.

All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NO x catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.

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Yes, you can access Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines by F. Zhao,M.-C. Lai,D.L. Harrington in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Technology & Engineering & Civil Engineering. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Information

Publisher

Pergamon

Year

2000

ISBN

9780080552798

Topic

Technology & Engineering

Subtopic

Civil Engineering

Index

Technology & Engineering

Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines

F. Zhao^a,^*, M.-C. Lai^a and D.L. Harrington^b

^aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Dr., Detroit, MI 48202, USA

^bThermal and Energy Systems Laboratory, General Motors Research and Development Center, 30500 Mound Road, Warren, Ml 48090, USA

Abstract

The development of four-stroke, spark-ignition engines that are designed to inject gasoline directly into the combustion chamber is an important worldwide initiative of the automotive industry. The thermodynamic potential of such engines for significantly enhanced fuel economy, transient response and cold-start hydrocarbon emission levels has led to a large number of research and development projects that have the goal of understanding, developing and optimizing gasoline direct-injection (GDI) combustion systems. The processes of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched, and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injectors are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed.The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations are of significant importance to engine researchers and developers. These data have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole. Thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NO_x and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and aftertreatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards are compiled and discussed.All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NO_x catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed. All current information in the literature is used as the basis for discussing the future development of automotive GDI engines. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords

Automotive

Four stroke

Gasoline

Direct injection

Spark ignition

Engine

Contents

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Key potential benefits: GDI engine versus PFI engine

2 Direct-injection gasoline fuel system

2.1 Fuel system requirements

2.2 Fuel injector considerations

2.3 Fuel spray characteristics

2.3.1 Atomization requirements

2.3.2 Single-fluid high-pressure swirl injector

2.3.3 Effect of injector sac volume

2.3.4 Air-assisted injection

2.3.5 Best practice performance of current GDI injectors

2.3.6 Future requirements of GDI fuel sprays

3 Combustion chamber geometry and in-cylinder mixture dynamics

3.1 Flow structure

3.2 Fuel-air mixing

4 Combustion process and control strategies

4.1 Combustion chamber geometry

4.2 In-cylinder charge cooling

4.3 Engine operating modes and fuel injection strategies

4.4 Combustion characteristics

4.5 Injector deposit issues

5 Fuel economy and emissions

5.1 Fuel economy potential

5.2 Emissions versus fuel economy compromise

5.2.1 UBHC emissions

5.2.2 NO_x emissions

5.2.3 Particulate emissions

6 Specific combustion systems and control strategies

6.1 Early research engines

6.2 Mitsubishi combustion system

6.3 Toyota combustion system

6.4 Nissan combustion system

6.5 Ford combustion system

6.6 Isuzu combustion system

6.7 Mercedes-Benz combustion system

6.8 Mazda combustion system

6.9 Audi combustion system

6.10 Honda combustion system

6.11 Subaru combustion system

6.12 Fiat combustion system

6.13 Renault combustion system

6.14 Ricardo combustion system

6.15 AVL combustion system

6.16 FEV combustion system

6.17 Orbital combustion system

7 Conclusion.

References

Nomenclature

ATDC

after top dead center

BDC

bottom dead center

BMEP

brake mean effective pressure

BSFC

brake specific fuel consumption

BSU

Bosch smoke unit

BTDC

before top dead center

CAFE

corporate average fuel economy

close-coupled

CCD

charge-coupled device

CFD

computational fluid dynamics

CIDI

compression-ignition direct-injection

carbon monoxide

COV

coefficient of variation

CVCC

compound vortex combustion chamber

CVT

continuously variable transmission

D32

Sauter mean diameter of a fuel spray

direct-injection

DISC

direct-injection stratified-charge

DISI

direct-injection spark-ignited

DMI

direct mixture injection

DOHC

dual overhead cam

DV10

spray droplet size for which 10% of the fuel volume is in smaller droplets

DV90

spray droplet size for which 90% of the fuel volume is in smaller droplets

EFI

electronic fuel injection

EGT

exhaust gas temperature

EGR

exhaust gas recirculation

EOI

end of injection

FID

flame ionization detector

GDI

gasoline direct injection

hydrocarbon

IDI

indirect injection

IMEP

indicated mean effective pressure

IPTV

incidents per thousand vehicles

ISFC

indicated specific fuel consumption

kPa

kilopascal

LDA

laser Doppler anemometry

LDV

laser Doppler velocimetry

LEV

low-emission-vehicle emission standard

LIF

laser-induced fluorescence

MAP

manifold absolute pressure

MBT

maximum brake torque

MCP

Mitsubishi combustion process

MPa

megapascal

MPI

multi-point port injection

nitrous oxide

NOx

nitric oxides

OEM

original equipment manufacturer

PDA

phase Doppler anemometry

PFI

port fuel injected

PIV

particle imaging velocimetry

PLIF

planar laser-induced fluorescence

PROCO

Ford programmed combustion control system

SCRC

stratified charge rotary combustion

Scv

swirl control valve

spark ignition

SIDI

spark-ignited direct-injection

SMD

Sauter mean diameter of a fuel spray

SOHC

single overhead cam

SOI

start of injection

SULEV

super ULEV

TCCS

Texaco controlled combustion system

TDC

top dead center

TWC

three-way catalyst

UBHC

unburned hydrocarbons

ULEV

ultra-low-emission-vehicle emission standard

VVT

variable valve timing

VVT-i

variable valve timing—intelligent (Toyota)

WOT

wide open throttle.

Various acronyms for gasoline direct ...

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Table of Contents
Copyright
Chapter 1: Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines
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