Drug Delivery Trends

Volume 3: Expectations and Realities of Multifunctional Drug Delivery Systems

Ranjita Shegokar

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• ISBN:
  9780128178713
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Pharmacology

Drug Delivery Trends examines a drift in the pharmaceutical field across the wide range of dosage forms, drug delivery systems (micro and nanoparticulate), at the regulatory front and on new types of therapies in the market. This volume additionally covers the challenges on drug delivery systems in terms of preclinical and current ways of determining quality and the options to solve the challenges associated with this. Most small-medium scale industries and academics struggle with initial regulatory challenges so a detailed discussion on regulatory trend covers the necessary basic understanding of regulatory procedures and provides the required guidance.

The series Expectations and Realities of Multifunctional Drug Delivery Systems examines the fabrication, optimization, biological aspects, regulatory and clinical success of wide range of drug delivery carriers. This series reviews multifunctionality and applications of drug delivery systems, industrial trends, regulatory challenges and in vivo success stories. Throughout the volumes discussions on diverse aspects of drug delivery carriers, such as clinical, engineering, and regulatory, facilitate insight sharing across expertise area and form a link for collaborations between industry-academic scientists and clinical researchers.

Expectations and Realities of Multifunctional Drug Delivery Systems connects formulation scientists, regulatory experts, engineers, clinical experts and regulatory stake holders. The wide scope of the book ensures it as a valuable reference resource for researchers in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry who want to learn more about drug delivery systems.

• Encompasses trends in drug delivery systems and selected dosage forms
• Illustrates regulatory, preclinical and quality principles
• Contains in-depth investigation of upcoming types of drug delivery systems

Chapter 1

Bioactive hybrid nanowires

a new in trend for site-specific drug delivery and targeting

A.R. Fernandes ¹ , J. Dias-Ferreira ¹ , M.C. Teixeira ¹ , A.A.M. Shimojo ² , Patrícia Severino ^{3 , 4} , A.M. Silva ^{5 , 6} , Ranjita Shegokar ⁷ , and Eliana B. Souto ^{1 , 8 1} Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal ² Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz – Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil ³ Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil ⁴ Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa (ITP), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil ⁵ Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal ⁶ Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal ⁷ Capnomed GmbH, Zimmern, Germany ⁸ CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

Abstract

The current progress of modern medicine is based on the resistance of malignant tumors in advanced medical treatments, as well as on the need to develop new therapeutic approaches. In the last few years, numerous studies have focused their attention on the promising use of nanomaterials, such as nanowires, zinc oxide, or mesoporous silica nanoparticles, among others. All these particles are studied in the treatment of cancer and metastasis prevention with the advantage of operating directly at the biomolecular scale. These are innovative designs of magnetic nanomaterials based on a core/shell approach that started to gain prominence due to their versatility to tailor properties of both core and shell and to offer multifunctionality, such as core protection, biofunctionalization platform, toxicity reduction, and enhanced biocompatibility. These nanowire structural improvements allow the development of new bioanalytical chemistry and medical diagnostics advanced tools that will bring about a new age of nanotechnology with widespread use of nanowires for biomedical applications.

Keywords

Cancer; Chemotherapy; Hyperthermia; Magnetic nanoparticles; Nanoplatforms; Nanowires

1. Introduction

Hyperthermia (“hyper” and “therme”, meaning “rise” and “heat”) is a therapeutic approach to cancer treatment. Some researchers have related that a sarcoma disappeared after a very high fever. This finding is due to the reaction of immune systems with bacterial infection [1]. Cancer cells are recognized as being vulnerable to high temperatures. The growth of these cells can be terminated at temperatures ranging from 41 to 46°C or below 47°C for at least 20–60 min [2,3]. Hyperthermia is therefore used locally to prevent disease by exposing the whole body to high temperatures to overcome adverse side effects and to increase treatment efficiency [4].

The introduction of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer hyperthermia has been developed and grown significantly during the last decade. The special features of these particles are related to their capacity to efficiently accumulate at the tumor cells through the increased permeability of the tumor vessels and by cancer-specific binding agents, making the treatment more selective and effective [5]. The application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) with the introduction of magnetic nanoparticles generates local heat in the tissues that contain these nanoparticles due to magnetic relaxation and hysteresis loss [6]. Particle characteristics such as size distribution, shape, crystal structure, particle magnetic anisotropy and its temperature dependence on magnetization, fluid viscosity, amplitude and frequency of the AMF directly affect the generation of heat, which in turn depends on the absorption efficiency of the magnetic particles [1,7].

A significant number of magnetic nanoparticles have been studied over the last few decades. Examples of well-known hyperthermic agents include iron oxide-based nanomaterials such as magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and maghemite (γ-Fe₂O), which continue attracting attention due to their lack of toxicity and excellent biocompatibility [8]. Ferrite nanoparticles (XFe₂O₄, where X can be Co, Mn, Ni, Li, or mixes of these metals), metallic nanoparticles, such as Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Gd, Mg, and their oxides, or metal alloys (FeCo, CoPd, FePt, NiPd, NiPt, NiCu) have also been studied as possible candidates for hyperthermia treatments [9–11].

There are new designs of magnetic nanomaterials based on a core/shell approach that have started to gain prominence due to their versatility to tailor properties of both core and shell and to offer multifunctionality, such as core protection, biofunctionalization platform, toxicity reduction, and increase in biocompatibility. Examples of these particles are gold- or silica-coated ferromagnetic particles [12]. Magnetic nanoparticles also hold great promise for drug delivery by heating the tissues. The drug can be released using two strategies. In the first approach, the drug molecules are attached to the particles through a linker, which breaks with the heat generated by the presence of AMF, with the consequent release of the drug. In the second approach, the release of drugs takes place from a polymeric matrix with magnetic material [5,13]. The heat created by the magnetic field produces crevices or cracks inside the polymeric matrix, which releases the encapsulated drugs [5].

Nanowires, nanowhiskers, nanofibers, nanotubes, and other one-dimensional nanostructures have demonstrated huge abilities for improving the electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of a broad range of functional materials and composites [14]. These enhancements substantially exceed those offered by micro- or nanosized particles. Most of the methods used for their synthesis are relatively expensive and difficult to scale up [15]. The underlying principles for the synthesis of one-dimensional materials offer significant challenges in the control of diameter, structure, and composition in the axial and radial coordinates, which are essential for the synthesis of materials with design...

Table of contents

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Bioactive hybrid nanowires: a new in trend for site-specific drug delivery and targeting
• Chapter 2. Opportunities and challenges of 3D-printed pharmaceutical dosage forms
• Chapter 3. Marketing authorization and licensing of medicinal products in EU: Regulatory aspects
• Chapter 4. Clinical considerations on micro- and nanodrug delivery systems
• Chapter 5. Nanoparticulate treatments for oral delivery
• Chapter 6. Pharmaceutical mini-tablets: a revived trend
• Chapter 7. Liquid crystalline drug delivery systems
• Chapter 8. Amorphous drug stabilization using mesoporous materials
• Chapter 9. “Quality” of pharmaceutical products for human use—underlying concepts and required practices
• Chapter 10. Optimizing intraperitoneal drug delivery: pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC)
• Chapter 11. Upscaling and GMP production of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems
• Index